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Unit 2 Topic 5 The Respiratory System What is respiration? Exchange of gases between the internal environment and the external environment Need O2 in (for cellular respiration) Need CO2 out (waste product) C6H12O6 Cell ATP O2 CO2 Respiratory systems General characteristics of respiratory systems: 1. Thin, moist surfaces 2. Large surface area: volume ratio Mechanisms of gas exchange in animals: 1. 2. 3. 4. Direct with the environment Tracheae Gills Lungs Lungs: Our system of gas exchange A B C D E F G I H E Negative pressure breathing inhale exhale Sort of random video… 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen QuickTime™ and a 0.04%H.264 carbon dioxide decompressor are needed to see this picture. How do you think this information relates to gas exchange? Alveoli Moving gases into bloodstream Step 1: Inhale to fill lungs with “fresh” air O2 passes from alveoli to blood by simple diffusion (high to low concentration) CO2 passes from blood to alveoli by simple diffusion (high to low concentration) Capillaries carrying low O2 / high CO2 concentration blood back from body. Step 2: Exhale to empty lungs. Capillaries carrying high O2 / low CO2 concentration blood out to the body. Red blood cells and hemoglobin Blood= 45% cells (red, white, platelets) 55% “plasma” (nutrients, water, vitamins, hormones, cellular waste, ions) Respiratory System Special Topics OBJ 28 Chronic Respiratory Diseases Common respiratory infections Pneumonia Bronchitis Smoking and the lungs Cigarette smoke: carbon coated in 4,000 toxic chemicals Benzene Ammonia Formaldehyde Arsenic Cyanide Smoking: Causes cilia to stop moving (for 20 minutes) Increases amount of mucus in the air passages (cilia no longer clearing mucus) Kills immune cells on respiratory tract Decreases the amount of oxygen carried by blood Leads to tar build-up in your lungs Second-hand smoke also contains many toxins OBJ 28 Lung Cancer Tumors form in the lungs www.lungcancer.au.com Cystic Fibrosis Genetic disorder that affects the structure of 1 protein. Chloride ions protein pumps in cells of the trachea don’t work Results in production of abnormally thick and sticky mucus Mucus builds up in lungs and pancreas People with this disorder live much shorter lives (now up to late 30s/early 40s, only a couple of decades ago, most died in childhood) OBJ 30