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Transcript
Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Introduction to the Animal Kingdom • Animals are multicellular eukaryotic heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls • Vertebrates: 5% of animal species with backbones • Invertebrates: 95% of animal species WITHOUT backbones • Cell specialization – special shape, physical structure, and chemical composition to perform a special function in a multicellular organism (Division of Labor) In Order to Survive, Animals Must: • Feed – – Carnivores – eat other animals – Herbivores – eat plants – Omnivores – eat other animals and plants – Parasites – inside or on other organisms and do them harm – Filter feeders – strain food from water – Detritus feeders – feed on dead organic matter In Order to Survive, Animals Must: • Respire – – Consume oxygen and give off CO2 – Skin, gills, lungs In Order to Survive, Animals Must: • Circulate/Internal Transport – – Must carry O2, nutrients and waste products to and from internal cells – Heart and blood vessels in larger animals – Smaller animals rely on diffusion In Order to Survive, Animals Must: • Excrete – – Small animals – diffusion – Larger animals – excretory systems (that can include complex kidneys) In Order to Survive, Animals Must: • Respond – – Nerve cells – brain – Gather information from environment – Varies greatly from phylum to phylum In Order to Survive, Animals Must: • Move – – Sessile – one spot, no movement – Motile – move, muscles and/or skeletons In Order to Survive, Animals Must: • Reproduce – – Mainly sexual, but invertebrates can also reproduce asexually – Live birth or eggs – Direct Metamorphosis – young look like adult – Indirect Metamorphosis – young → metamorphosis → adult Direct Metamorphosis – Direct – young look like adult Indirect Metamorphosis • Indirect – young → metamorphosis → adult Animal Evolution • Complex animals tend to have high levels of cell specialization and internal body organization, bilateral body symmetry, a front end, or head, with sense organs, and a body cavity. Cell Specialization • Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism – Ex. Stomach cell → stomach tissue → digestive system (mouth, stomach, intestines, etc) → all organ systems put together Early Development • Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes divisions to form blastula, or a hollow ball of cells • Blastula flattens on one side and folds into itself forming a single opening called a blastopore • Blastopore leads into center tube running the length of the developing embryo. This tube becomes the digestive track – Protostome – mouth formed first from blastopore (most invertebrates) – Deuterostome – anus formed first from blastopore (echinoderms and all vertebrates) Early Development (continued) • Cells then differentiate into three layers, called germ layers – Endoderm – innermost germ layer – forms linings of digestive track and respiratory system – Mesoderm – middle germ layer – forms muscles, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems – Ectoderm – outermost germ layer – forms sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin Early Development (continued) Body Symmetry • Asymmetrical – no symmetry (sponges) • Radial symmetry – body parts repeat around center of body (simple animals – sea anemone and starfish) • Bilateral symmetry – body can be divided into two equal halves – left and right sides – – – – Anterior – front end Posterior – back end Dorsal – upper side Ventral – lower side Body Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Posterior end Dorsal side Anterior end Plane of symmetry Planes of symmetry Cephalization • Complex animals concentrate sense organs and nerve cells in the anterior end of the body, this is called cephalization – Ganglia – small clusters of nerve cells (simple animals) – Brain – clusters of ganglia (more complex animals) Introduction to Invertebrates