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Chapter 18
Respiratory System
What is the Respiratory System?
• Your respiratory system is made up of the
organs in your body that help you to
breathe. Remember, that Respiration =
Breathing. The goal of breathing is to
deliver oxygen to the body and to take away
carbon dioxide.
The Respiratory System
Functions:
1. The respiratory system moves oxygen
from the outside environment into the
body.
2. The respiratory system also removes
carbon dioxide and water from the body.
3. Lastly, the respiratory system produces
carbon dioxide and water.
Respiratory Diagram
The flow of air:
1. Air enters through the nostrils – the two
openings in of your nose:
The flow of air:
2. The air then travels through the pharynx –
a muscular tube to the larynx:
The flow of air:
• The larynx is a short tube that is located in the throat. The
larynx provides a passage way between the pharynx and
lower tract organs. The larynx protects the lower tract
organs from food and drink entering and also houses the
vocal folds that produce voice sounds.
The flow of air:
• The trachea or windpipe is a 4-5 inch tube which conducts
air between the larynx and bronchi. In the trachea are 1620 hyaline cartilage rings that stiffen the wall to keep the 1
inch tracheal lumen open and prevent air flow from
collapsing.
The flow of air:
• The trachea splits into the right and left
bronchi. Air is conducted through each
bronchi into or out of the lung.
The flow of air:
Inside the lungs, each bronchus divides into smaller tubes
(bronchioles). At the end of the tubes are the alveoli: sacs
of tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air
and blood.
The Diaphragm
• A dome-shaped muscular fibrous partition that
separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The
diaphragm contracts and relaxes with respiration
and is a significant part of helping a person
breathe normally.
Animation
http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/respiratorys
ystem/lungs/menu/animation.html
Inferring?
•
Come up with a possible explanation for
these questions before discussing:
1. Why do we yawn?
2. Why do we sneeze?
3. What causes hiccups?
FQA – Why do I yawn?
When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do
not take enough oxygen from the air. This
causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies.
The brain senses this shortage of oxygen
and sends a message that causes you to take
a deep long breath---a YAWN.
FAQ – Why do I sneeze?
• Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing
passages. It is the body's way of removing an
irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of
the nose. Many things can irritate the mucous
membranes. Dust, pollen, pepper or even a cold
blast of air are just some of the many things that
may cause you to sneeze.
FAQ – What causes hiccups?
Hiccups are the sudden movements of the
diaphragm. It is involuntary --- you have no
control over hiccups, as you well know. There are
many causes of hiccups. The diaphragm may get
irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe
some substance in the blood could even have
brought on the hiccups.
What happens to the Carbon
Dioxide?
It goes through the lungs, back up your
windpipe and out with every exhale. It's a
remarkable feat, this chemical exchange and
breathing in and out. You don't have to tell
your lungs to keep working. Your brain does
it automatically for you.
Breathing In, Breathing Out
Smoking
• Tobacco contains tar, carbon monoxide, and
nicotine.
– Tar is the dark, sticky substance produces when
tobacco burns. When you inhale smoke, tar
settles on the cilia. Tar also contains chemicals
that are known to cause cancer.
– Carbon Monoxide also produces when tobacco
burns.
Comparison of Lungs
Black is tar deposits and white spot
is cancer growths.
Tar collected from 2,000 Cigarettes
Smoking
Molecules of carbon monoxide bind to hemoglobin
in the red blood cells. Smokers’ blood contains
little oxygen causing a faster heartbeat and
breathing rate.
Nicotine speeds up the nervous system, the heart
rate, and other organ systems. Smoking starts out
as a habit, but quickly turns into an addiction,
dependent on the nicotine.
Long Term Problems
1. Chronic bronchitis – bronchitis is an irritation of
the breathing passages.
2. Emphysema – a disease that destroys lung tissue
– you do not get enough oxygen and cannot
adequately eliminate carbon dioxide.
3. Lung cancer – irregular growth of lung cells
from smoking.
Passive Smoking
Passive smoking is the involuntary inhaling of
other people’s smoke.
Here are the Facts:
• In as little as 2 weeks nicotine changes the brain
chemistry and addiction can begin.
• Cigarette smoke contains 69 chemical compounds
that are known to cause cancer.
• Pee contains urea. Some tobacco companies add
urea to cigarettes.
• Smoking kills 1,200 Americans a day.
• Tobacco companies make 1.8 billion from under
age sales – under 18 years old.
Here are the Facts:
• 70 percent of smokers want to quit. Only
about 5% actually succeed every year.
• The impact of nicotine is jacked up because
tobacco companies add ammonia.
• Cigarette smoke contains benzene, carbon
monoxide, arsenic, hydrogen cyanide and
polonium 210.
Excretory System
The Kidney’s
• The kidneys are the major organs of the excretory system.
The Skin
• The skin gets rids of excess oils and salt through excretion
through the skin. The skin also serves as a protection layer
for the body to block out harmful viruses and bacteria.
The Lungs
• The lungs excrete carbon dioxide through inhaling
and exhaling.
The Liver
• Keeping pollutants from hurting the body.
• Filtering toxic chemicals from the body.
• Remove waste products of nutrient
breakdown.
Functions
• Collect water and filter body fluids
• Remove and concentrate waste products
from body fluids.
• Return other substances to body fluids as
necessary for homeostasis.
• Eliminate excretory products from the body.