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Transcript
Cells & Systems Review 2009 Exam Review Cells & Systems • CELL THEORY • Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow • ALL living things are made from CELLS • CELLS come from preexisting cells (you can’t make them) • CELLS are the basic unit of structure and function • The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of all of its CELLS! Cells & Systems • Living Organisms Must: • • • • • • • Grow Repair themselves Obtain energy (and nutrients) Remove wastes Respond to the environment Reproduce DIE - Finite lifespan Cells & Systems • Important People and Contributions • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - invented a microscope • Robert Hook - created the term “cell” • Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow – Cell theory • Invention of more powerful tools: compound light microscopes – electron microscopes – computers & MRIs – dissections etc. Cells & Systems PLANTS & ANIMAL CELLS • • • • • Both have: Nucleii Cell membrane Vacuoles Endoplasmic reticulum • Cytoplasm • Mitochondria • only PLANTS have: • Chloroplasts • Cell wall Cells & Systems Transport of nutrients and wastes • PASSIVE TRANSPORT • Requires NO energy • “downhill” (H → L) • OSMOSIS – diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane • SMALL molecules • ACTIVE TRANSPORT • Requires energy input • Can go “uphill” • Often uses CARRIER PROTEINS” – special gate like structures • SMALL or LARGE molecules The Main Points DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS • UNICELLULAR • Single cells microscopic • No specialization – must do all life functions • Live in water, soils, air • Include: • BACTERIA - Monera • PROTISTS – Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, etc. • MULTICELLULAR • 2 or more cells working together • Can specialize – perform certain functions well • Organisms can be larger • Live in all environments • Plants, animals, fungi Cells & Systems Specialization • Cellular organization • Cells →Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organisms • Example: • Cell – epithelial tissue – skin – integumentary system - human Cells & Systems Specialization • Multicellular Organisims • Specialization must occur as most cells do not have access to external environment • No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS • HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE: • CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to and from ALL cells • RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out) Cells & Systems Specialization • Multicellular Organisims • Specialization must occur as most cells do not have access to external environment • No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS • HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE: • CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to ALL cells • RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out) Cells & Systems • • • • HEART CIRCULATION 4 chambers: 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles Major Blood vessels: VENA CAVA (superior & inferior) – bring deoxygenated blood back to heart from body • AORTA – largest & thickest artery – sends oxygenated blood to body • PULMONARY ARTERY – only “blue” artery) – sends from heart to lungs • PULMONARY VEIN – only “red” vein) – sends from lungs to heart The Main Points Label the parts of the heart: The Main Points Aorta Vena Cava Valve Pulmonary Artery L. Atrium Valve P. Vein Valve R. Atrium L. Ventricle Valve R. Ventricle Septum The Main Points A figure 8 circulation pattern: Pulmonary Vein Vena Cava R. ATRIUM L. ATRIUM body lungs R. VENTRICLE Aorta L. VENTRICLE Pulmonary Artery Cells & Systems Blood vessels • ARTERIES – move blood AWAY from Heart • ROUND & THICK • UNDER LOTS OF PRESSURE • No valves • MOST ARE OXYGENATED • VEINS – move blood INTO Heart • Flatter & thinner • UNDER some OF PRESSURE • MOST ARE DEOXYGENATED • Have VALVES to keep blood moving toward heart Cells & Systems Blood vessels • • • • Capillaries Smallest of the blood vessels Connect arteries & veins Bring nutrients and O2 to EVERY Cell in the body • REMOVE wastes (CO2, urea) from all cells The Main Points: Blood Components • Plasma – mostly water – largest amount, carries sugar, CO2 carries the blood cells • RBCs – carry oxygen • WBCs – fight infection • Platelets – clot blood (form scabs etc.) The Main Points: EXERCISE AND the BODY’S RESPONSE • Cells undergo RESPIRATION to produce energy • This reaction requires O2 which makes breathing and heart rate increase when you exercise • This also speeds up the removal of wastes produced! • RESTING HEART RATE ~ 70 – 75 bpm Cells & Systems: THE DEFENCE SYSTEM • PRIMARY • Blocks germs from entering the body • Saliva - mouth • Earwax - ears • Mucous - respiratory • Cilia - respiratory • Tears – eyes • Skin - body • SECONDARY • Inside the body • Kill germs that get by the primary • WBC – kill bacteria • Lymphatic system • Antibodies The Main Points: Helping • • • • • THE DEFENCE SYSTEM Eat Healthy Exercise Don’t Smoke Get Adequate Amounts of Sleep Drink lots of water The Main Points: Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM • Heart Disease – low fat diet, weight maintenance, exercise • Hardened Arteries – low cholesterol, eat well, exercise • Stroke – lower stress, low salt, exercise • Leukemia – may be genetic, may be caused by exposure to chemicals Cells & Systems: Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM • Science has helped us: • Vaccines – dead, weakened forms of germs help us produce antibodies. • Antibiotics – help us defeat infections