Download Document

1
If you damage one system, you may damage
several like smoking which irritates the lungs and
also destroys the cells of the immune system
Ardi Rizal
2 years old
Musi Banyuasin,
Indonesia
May 2010
2
If you get excited, the nervous system works
with the circulatory system by increasing
your heart rate.
3
AIDS destroys the Immune System
As a result you may get:
1. pneumonia (respiratory ),
2. yeast infection (reproductive ),
3. Candida affecting esophagus (digestive)
4. Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary).
4
How does the body get the systems to work together?
To answer this question, we need to recall the
organizational structure of multicellular organisms.
5
Levels Of Organization
ATOMS
ORGANISM
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANS
6
The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues
7
A group of tissues that work
together to perform closely
related functions.
8
A group of organs that work together
to perform a single function
.
9
There are 11 organ systems in the human body
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic & Immune System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
10
Your skeleton has five major
functions.
• It provides shape and
support
• Enables you to move
• Protects your internal organs
• Produces blood cells
• Stores certain materials until your
body needs them
11
Major Organs of the Skeletal System
•
•
•
•
Bones
Tendons connect bones to muscles.
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Cartilage cushions places where
bones connect and offers flexibility.
12
Your muscles control all
movements of the body tissues,
organs and bones.
13
Your body has
three types of
Muscle tissue.
• skeletal muscle
• smooth muscle
• cardiac muscle
14
The main functions is to transport
• Oxygen
• Nutrients
• Waste
throughout the body
15
The main parts of the
Circulatory System are:
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Blood
16
Your respiratory
system moves
oxygen from the
outside environment
into your body. It
also removes carbon
dioxide and water
from your body.
17
•
•
•
•
•
Nose
Mouth
Trachea
Lungs
Diaphragm
18
• The main functions of the digestive
system
• Breaks down food into molecules the
body can absorb.
• Passes these molecules into the blood
to be carried throughout the body.
• Eliminates solid wastes from the body.
19
The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:
20
Your excretory system collects wastes
produced by cells and removes these
wastes from your body. The removal
process is known as excretion.
• Each kidney is about 4 ½
inches long
• Weight is 4 – 6 ounces
• The urine output varies from
1 to 2 liters per day.
21
The Main Parts of the Excretory
System
22
Your Skin has many important functions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Covers body and prevents water loss.
Protects body from injury and infection.
Helps regulate body temperature.
Eliminate wastes
Gathers information about the environment
Produces Vitamin D
23
Skin
•Hair
•Nails
•
24
• It’s role is to protect
you from foreign
invaders.
Special cells react to each
kind of pathogen with
defensive tactics targeted
specifically at that type of
pathogen.
• A pathogen is a
bacterium, virus, or other
microorganism that can
cause disease.
25
•White blood cells that target specific
pathogens are called lymphocytes.
• T-cells and B-cells are two major types of
lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job.
B- Cells
T- Cells
26
• Antibodies are special proteins that
recognize and defeat invading
pathogens.
• Antibodies are made by the B-cells.
• Once a pathogen is encountered by
the B-cells it memorizes it and next
time it encounters the pathogen it
will have antibodies ready to fight
the pathogen.
27
An antigen is any substance that when
introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an antibody immune
response.
Antigens include:




Toxins
Bacteria
Foreign blood cells
Cells of transplanted organs.
28
Antigen – Antibody Diagrams
Each antibody binds to a specific antigen by way of
an interaction similar to the fit between a lock and a
key of enzyme activity.
29
• Immunity is a state in which the body has
sufficient defenses to fight infection, disease or
invasion by pathogens.
• Non- Specific Immunity refers to the
defenses that are in place at all times and are
not specific to the pathogen to which the
system is responding.
• Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and
ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes.
30
Specific Immunity is a specific antibody
response to the pathogen and has been acquired
in one of several ways.
• Antibodies were transferred from mother to
fetus across the placenta.
• Antibodies were transferred through breast
milk from mother to child.
• Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure
to the pathogen.
• Antibodies were built up through a vaccination
process.
31
• Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is
weak or dead. Vaccines DO NOT contain the type of germ
that makes you sick.
• Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes
your body's immune system build antibodies to it.
• Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and some
thorough a nasal spray.
• In the US children are vaccinated before they can enter
school for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B,
Diphtheria, and Tetanus
32
The lymphatic system is an
extensive drainage
network that helps keep
bodily fluid levels in
balance and defends the
body against infections.
It filters out organisms
that cause disease,
produces certain white
blood cells and generates
antibodies.
33
• It is made up of a network of lymphatic
vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery
fluid that contains protein molecules, salts,
glucose, urea, and other substances —
throughout the body.
• It works closely with the immune system and
the circulatory system.
• The Spleen stores many of the white blood
cells needed for the immune response.
34
Regents Practice Question
A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus
could cause
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus
35
Regents Practice Question
A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus
could cause
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus
36
Regents Practice Question
It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu
complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will
produce
(1) antigens to fight the flu virus
(2) antibodies against the flu virus
(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus
(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus
37
Regents Practice Question
It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu
complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will
produce
(1) antigens to fight the flu virus
(2) antibodies against the flu virus
(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus
(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus
38
1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands
that secrete special proteins called hormones.
2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream
and they travel to the target cells or organs.
3. The main function of the endocrine system is to
maintain a stable environment within the body or
homeostasis.
4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:
Growth
Sexual development
Metabolism
Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood
39
40
Gland
Hormone Produced
Effects
Hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone
Acts on the kidney to
regulate fluid balance
Pituitary
9 different hormones
Growth and regulates other
glands
Thyroid
Thyroxine
Metabolism
Pancreas
Insulin & glucagon
Blood sugar
Adrenal
Epinephrine
Heart rate & blood
pressure
Testes
Testosterone
Sperm & male
characteristics
Ovaries
Estrogen & progesterone
Eggs & female
characteristics
41
The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is
received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target
cells will
(1) produce their own chemical messages
(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism
42
The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is
received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target
cells will
(1) produce their own chemical messages
(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism
43
Feedback Mechanisms
Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system
through the use of various feedback mechanisms.
 A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological
reaction is actually being controlled by the end products
of that reaction.
Negative feedback loop are most common.
•original stimulus reversed
•most feedback systems in the body are negative
•used for conditions that need frequent adjustment
44
Receptor
Structures that monitor a
controlled condition and detect
changes.
Control center
Determines next action.
Effector
Receives directions from the
control center produces a
response that restores the
controlled condition.
45
Thermostat detects a
temperature lower than
the desired value.
Furnace
Turns
On
Furnace
Turns
Off
Thermostat detects a
temperature higher
than the desired value.
46
Brain senses a drop in
body temperature
Impulses
sent to
muscles to
stop
shivering
Impulses
sent to
muscles to
begin
shivering
Brain detects increase
in body temperature
47
Activities in the human body are
represented in the diagram
Which title would be appropriate for
the diagram?
(1) Rate of Excretion Varies in
Response to Intake of Water
(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to
Maintain Homeostasis
(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an
Increase in Muscle Activity
(4) The Nervous System Responds
to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels
48
Activities in the human body are
represented in the diagram
Which title would be appropriate for
the diagram?
(1) Rate of Excretion Varies in
Response to Intake of Water
(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to
Maintain Homeostasis
(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an
Increase in Muscle Activity
(4) The Nervous System Responds
to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels
49
1. What happens to a
person’s blood glucose level
after eating?
2.What 2 hormones does the
pancreas secrete?
3.Which hormone lowers
glucose levels?
4. Which hormone raises
glucose levels?
50
The function of the human nervous system is to
control and coordinate functions throughout the
body. It does this by responding to internal and
external stimuli.
A stimulus is a signal from inside or outside the
body that can be detected.
A response is a signal sent to reply to the
stimulus.
51
The basic unit of the nervous system is the Neuron.
Messages are picked up from the environment or other
neurons by the dendrites and are sent to the cell body;
which contains most of the cytoplasm of the cell.
52
The neuron acts like an
electric wire.
• Electrical impulses travel
through the axon (wire).
• The axon is insulated by
the Myelin sheath which
prevents the impulse from
leaving the neuron.
• Messages leave the neuron
through the axon
terminals where they are
sent to other neurons.
53
The gaps between
the axon terminal of
one neuron and the
dendrites of another
are called synapses.
54
• As an electrical impulse travels to the axon of a neuron
it stimulates the release of neurotransmitters. These
are contained in small vesicles at the axon terminals.
• The neurotransmitter molecules move across the
synapse and attach themselves to receptors on the
membrane of the next neuron.
• A neurotransmitter is a chemical that carries
messages between different nerve cells or between
nerve cells and muscles.
55
Sensory Neurons
Pick up stimuli from the outside environment or from
inside the body. These are found in organs called
receptors (skin, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and glands.)
They transmit the message to interneurons.
Interneurons
Receive messages from the sensory neurons and
interpret them. They then decide where they should be
sent.
Motor Neurons
Receive messages from interneurons and sends them to
organs called effectors (muscles and glands).
56
REFLEX
ARC
57
• The Central Nervous System consists of
the Brain and Spinal Cord.
• The Peripheral Nervous System consists
of all the nerves that lie outside the brain
and spinal cord
58
Central
Nervous
System
59
The
Peripheral
Nervous
System
60
61
• Gametes are reproductive cells that unite during sexual
reproduction to form a new cell called a zygote.
• In humans, male gametes are sperm and female gametes
are eggs or ovums.
• They contain ½ of the normal chromosome number for
the species.
• Human gametes have 23 chromosomes.
EGG
SPERM
62
• Gametes are made through a special type of cell
division called meiosis.
• In humans, Meiosis occurs in the ovary of the
female to produce egg cells and in the testicles of
the male to produce sperm cells.
63
Prophase
Metaphase
64
Crossing over is the
exchange of segments
between homologous
chromosomes resulting in
new combinations of genes.
It provides for genetic
variety in offspring.
65
Which statement concerning the reproductive cells in the diagram below is correct?
(1) The cells are produced by mitosis and contain all the genetic information of the
father.
(2) If one of these cells fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be identical to the father.
(3) Each of these cells contains only half the genetic information necessary for the
formation of an offspring.
(4) An egg fertilized by one of these cells will develop into a female with the same
66
characteristics as the mother.
Which statement concerning the reproductive cells in the diagram below is correct?
(1) The cells are produced by mitosis and contain all the genetic information of the
father.
(2) If one of these cells fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be identical to the father.
(3) Each of these cells contains only half the genetic information necessary for
the formation of an offspring.
(4) An egg fertilized by one of these cells will develop into a female with the same
67
characteristics as the mother.
The diagram below shows a process that affects chromosomes
during meiosis. This process can be used to explain
(1) why some offspring are genetically identical to their parents
(2) the process of differentiation in offspring
(3) why some offspring physically resemble their parents
(4) the origin of new combinations of traits in offspring
68
The diagram below shows a process that affects chromosomes
during meiosis. This process can be used to explain
(1) why some offspring are genetically identical to their parents
(2) the process of differentiation in offspring
(3) why some offspring physically resemble their parents
(4) the origin of new combinations of traits in offspring
69
The role of the female reproductive system
is to produce eggs, and if an egg is
fertilized, to nourish a developing baby until
birth.
70
Can you name the parts of the female
reproductive system?
2.
4.
3.
1.
71
Can you name the parts of the female
reproductive system?
4. Uterus
2. Fallopian tube
3. Ovary
1. Vagina
72
•The role of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm.
•Sperm are tiny packages of chromosomes that can swim to fertilize the
egg, and the hormone testosterone, which controls the development of the
male’s physical characteristics.
73
Can you name the parts of the male
reproductive system?
1.
3.
2.
74
Can you name the parts of the male
reproductive system?
1. Penis
3. Vas deferens
2. Testicle
75
The diagram below represents the
human male reproductive system.
Which activity would be prevented
by blockages at X and Y?
(1) transport of urine out of the body
(2) passage of testosterone to the female to stimulate egg
production
(3) movement of sperm out of the body
(4) movement of testosterone to the testes to stimulate sperm
production
76
The diagram below represents the
human male reproductive system.
Which activity would be prevented
by blockages at X and Y?
(1) transport of urine out of the body
(2) passage of testosterone to the female to stimulate egg
production
(3) movement of sperm out of the body
(4) movement of testosterone to the testes to stimulate sperm
production
77
The diagram below represents a system in the human body
The primary function of structure X is to
(1) produce energy needed for sperm to move
(2) provide food for the sperm to carry to the egg
(3) produce and store urine
(4) form gametes that may be involved in fertilization
78
The diagram below represents a system in the human body
The primary function of structure X is to
(1) produce energy needed for sperm to move
(2) provide food for the sperm to carry to the egg
(3) produce and store urine
(4) form gametes that may be involved in fertilization
79
A sperm
enters an egg,
and the two
nuclei
combine to
form a zygote
with 46
chromosomes.
This occurs in
the fallopian
tube or
oviduct.
80
The diagram below shows stages of human reproduction.
The direct result of fertilization is represented at
(1) A
(2) C
(3) B
(4) D
81
The diagram below shows stages of human reproduction.
The direct result of fertilization is represented at
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
82
The fertilized egg, called a zygote undergoes
cell division to produce a two-celled embryo.
These cells divide again and again to form a ball
of cells. This series of mitotic cell divisions is
called cleavage.
83
•Four days after
fertilization, the
embryo is a solid
ball of about 50
cells called the
morula.
84
As the embryo grows, a fluid filled cavity forms in the
center turning the embryo into a hollow structure. It is
now known as a blastula. It secretes enzymes that allow
it to embed itself into the wall of the uterus. This is
called implantation.
85
86
Some stages in the development of an organism are represented
in the diagram below. Which levels of biological organization do
stages 2 and 7 have in common?
(1) cells and organs
(2) tissues and organelles
(3) cells and tissues
(4) organelles and cells
87
Some stages in the development of an organism are represented
in the diagram below. Which levels of biological organization do
stages 2 and 7 have in common?
(1) cells and organs
(2) tissues and organelles
(3) cells and tissues
(4) organelles and cells
88
The diagram below represents a process that occurs during
human reproduction. The process represented by the arrow will
ensure that the
(1) zygote contains a complete set of genetic information
(2) gametes contain a complete set of genetic information
(3) zygote contains half of the genetic information
(4) gametes contain half of the genetic information
89
The diagram below represents a process that occurs during
human reproduction. The process represented by the arrow will
ensure that the
(1) zygote contains a complete set of genetic information
(2) gametes contain a complete set of genetic information
(3) zygote contains half of the genetic information
(4) gametes contain half of the genetic information
90
The human female reproductive system is
represented in the diagram below.
Production of gametes and support of the fetus normally occur in
structures
(1) 1 and 2 (2) 3 and 5 (3) 2 and 4 (4) 4 and 5
91
The human female reproductive system is
represented in the diagram below.
Production of gametes and support of the fetus normally occur in
structures
(1) 1 and 2 (2) 3 and 5 (3) 2 and 4 (4) 4 and 5
92
Sexual reproduction involves the processes listed below.
Processes
A. Differentiation
B. Fertilization
C. Gamete production
D. Mitosis
Which sequence represents the order in which these processes occur?
(1) A → B → C → D
(2) B → A → C → D
(3) C → B → D → A
(4) D → B → C → A
93
Sexual reproduction involves the processes listed below.
Processes
A. Differentiation
B. Fertilization
C. Gamete production
D. Mitosis
Which sequence represents the order in which these processes occur?
(1) A → B → C → D
(2) B → A → C → D
(3) C → B → D → A
(4) D → B → C → A
94
A dogfish shark contains 24 chromosomes in each of
its muscle cells. How many chromosomes are
normally found in each of its gametes?
(1) 6
(2) 24
(3) 12
(4) 48
95
A dogfish shark contains 24 chromosomes in each of
its muscle cells. How many chromosomes are
normally found in each of its gametes?
(1) 6
(2) 24
(3) 12
(4) 48
96