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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham 17 HUMAN ANATOMY Blood fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Circulation Powered by the pumping action of the heart The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the vessels The vascular system includes vessels only The circulatory system includes the cardiovascular system and the blood that it contains The lymphatic system is a parallel vessels system which mirrors the veins and returns excess extracellular fluid to the circulatory system (lymph plasma ECF) Functions of blood Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones Helps body regulate temperature Blood volume Males: 5 – 6 liters Females: 4 – 5 liters Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: Composition of Blood Contains cellular and liquid components A specialized connective tissue Blood cells – formed elements Plasma – fluid portion and fibrinogen Serum – plasma minus fibrinogen Hematocrit – measure of % RBC in whole blood Males: 47% ± 5% Females: 42% ± 5% Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: Composition of Blood Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.1 Blood Plasma Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood Approximately 90% water Contains Ions – Na+ and Cl Nutrients – Sugars, amino acids, lipids, wastes, and proteins Three main proteins Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Blood cells Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (cell fragments) Staining of blood cells Acidic dye – eosin – stains pink Basic dye – methylene blue – stains blue and purple Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.2b Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Oxygen-transporting cells – 7.5 µm in diameter (diameter of capillary 8 – 10mm) Most numerous of the formed elements Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/cubic millimeter Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/cubic millimeter Have no organelles or nuclei Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Hemoglobin – oxygen-carrying protein the function of hemoglobin is to attract oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to increase the carrying capacity of blood (plasma also carries these gases but not in adequate quantities) Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area Why is this important? Live 100 – 120 days RBCs are born in the red bone marrow of long bones Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Erythrocyte Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.3 Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs) White Blood Cells – neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes Each has a very specific function in the immune system 4,800 – 11,000/cubic millimeter Protect the body from infectious microorganisms Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue Diapedesis – circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs) There are two types of leukocytes according to which type of stain that they absorb: Granulocytes – neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils Agranulocytes – Lymphocytes and monocytes Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Relative Percentages of the Different Types of Leukocytes Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.5 Granulocytes - Neutrophils Neutrophils – most numerous WBC Phagocytize and destroy bacteria Nucleus – has two to six lobes Granules pick up acidic and basic stains Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.4a Eosinophils Eosinophils – compose 1 – 4% of all WBCs Play roles in Ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.4b Granulocytes - Basophils Basophils – about 0.5% of all leukocytes Nucleus – usually two lobes Granules secrete histamines Function in inflammation mediation Similar in function to mast cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.4c Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes Lymphocytes – compose 20 – 45% of WBCs The most important cells of the immune system Nucleus – stains dark purple Effective in fighting infectious organisms Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.4d Agranulocytes - Lymphocyte Two main classes of lymphocyte T cells – attack foreign cells directly B cells – multiply to become plasma cells which then Secrete antibodies! They also save a copy as a memory cell so that when you are re-exposed to the same pathogen, the antibodies can immediately be called upon to kill off the pathogen An “antigen” is a foreign protein (cellular or not) unfamiliar to your body which is identified to be destroyed. Usually by antibodies. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranulocytes - Monocytes Monocytes – compose 4–8% of WBCs The largest leukocytes Nucleus – kidney shaped Transform into macrophages Phagocytic cells The difference between Lymphocytes and Monocytes are vast. Monocytes are simply cells which identify a foreign protein and engulf it. Lymphocytes begin a full blown attack by making antibodies which are an “army” of attacking cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.4e Platelets Cell fragments Break off from megakaryocytes Function in clotting of blood They are like soft plates of sticky substance used to plug up a hole Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary of Formed Elements Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 17.1 Blood Cell Formation Hematopoiesis – process by which blood cells are formed 100 billion new blood cells formed each day Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis Bone marrow – located within all bones Red marrow – actively generates new blood cells Contains immature erythrocytes Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis Yellow marrow – dormant Contains many fat cells Located in the long bones of adults Tissue framework for red marrow Reticular connective tissue Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation All blood cells originate in bone marrow All originate from one cell type Blood stem cell (pluripotential hematopoeitic stem cell) Lymphoid stem cells Give rise to lymphocytes Myeloid stem cells Give rise to all other blood cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation Genesis of erythrocytes Committed cells are proerythroblasts Remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1–2 days in circulation Make up about 1–2% of all erythrocytes Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation Formation of leukocytes Granulocytes form from myeloblasts Monoblasts enlarge and form monocytes Platelet-forming cells from megakaryoblasts Break apart into platelets Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages of Differentiation of Blood Cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.8 Disorders of the Blood Disorders of erythrocytes Polycythemia Abnormal excess of erythrocytes Anemia Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders of the Blood Disorders of erythrocytes (continued) Sickle cell disease Inherited condition Results from a defective hemoglobin molecule Erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape Hemachromatosis Inherited Abnormal excess of iron Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders of the Blood Disorders of leukocytes Leukemia – a form of cancer Classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic Disorders of platelets Thrombocytopenia Abnormally low concentration of platelets Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Blood Throughout Life First blood cells develop with the earliest blood vessels Mesenchyme cells cluster into blood islands Late in the second month Liver and spleen take over blood formation Bone marrow becomes major hematopoietic organ at month 7 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings