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ADULT ED LIFE SCIENCE • • • • Safety contract Scientific method Human body: anatomy & physiology Cell Scientific Method • A logical orderly way to solve a problem • Steps – Define problem – Research – Form Hypothesis – Test Hypothesis (Experiment) – Observe and collect data – Form Conclusion – Report findings Cell Composite Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm RED BLOOD CELLS web.jjay.cuny.edu PLANT CELL web.jjay.cuny.edu PLANT CELL web.jjay.cuny.edu BACTERIA CELL web.jjay.cuny.edu PROTISTA web.jjay.cuny.edu Microscope http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/microscope-parts.htm Cell Theory • All living things are composed of at least one cell • Cells are the basic unit of anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) • Cells come only from pre-existing cells • Exceptions: • • • • Cell types Cell processes Mitosis Tissue types Transportation • Diffusion • – MOLECULES MOVE FROM A HIGH TO A LOW CONCENTRATION; NO ENERGY USED • Osmosis • – DIFFUSION OF WATER • Active transport • – USES ENERGY Mitosis • Cell division http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/mitosis1.html Respiration Occurs in mitochondria: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ENZYMES • PROTEINS: RIBOSOMES • ALLOW REACTIONS TO TAKE PLACE AT BODY TEMPERATURE • CATALYSTS: ALLOW REACTION TO TAKE PLACE BUT AREN’T CHANGED: CAN BE USED OVER • LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL: ONE ENZYME PER SUBSTRATE • AFFECTED BY: TEMPERATURE; AMOUNT OF SUBSTRATE; AMOUNT OF ENZYME; pH; CHROMOSOMES • DNA- MAKES UP CHROMOSOMES; CARRIES GENES • GENES= CODE FOR THE DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS AND PROTEINS • DNA BASES: – A-T – G-C • mRNA CARRIES CODE TO MAKE THE PROTEIN AT THE RIBOSOMES DNA VS RNA • DNA: DOUBLE STRAND; HELIX; A-T; G-C; VERY LONG; STAYS IN NUCLEUS; RNA: SINGLE STRAND; U REPLACES T; LEAVES NUCLEUS; 3 TYPES: mRNA; tRNA; rRNA; DNA REPLICATION •MAKES NEW DNA •OCCURS JUST BEFORE MITOSIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • • • • • • • COPIES DNA CODE ONTO mRNA mRNA TRAVELS TO RIBOSOME tRNA CARRIES AMINO ACIDS rRNA HELPS tRNA AND mRNA PROTEINS ASSEMBLED RNA HAS U INSTEAD OF T (A-U) mRNA CODON AND COMBIINES WITH ANTICODON OF tRNA CELL PROCESSES • Nutrition= for energy and building blocks • Digestion= breakdown food to smaller nutrients for diffusion • Absorption= pick up nutrients into body • Biosynthesis= organize own matter, organic substances • Respiration= energy release • Excretion= waste removal • Secretion= release of good molecules • Response= react to stimuli • Reproduction= produce new ‘like’ cells Anatomy & Physiology • Anatomy: – The study of the structures of the body • Physiology: – The study of the functions of the parts of the body ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS • • • • • CELL(S) TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM CELL • BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TISSUE • A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS ALL DOING THE SAME JOB TISSUES • • • • EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCLE NERVOUS EPITHELIAL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium CONNECTIVE TISSUE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue MUSCLE TISSUE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tissue NERVOUS TISSUE http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa020101a.htm ORGAN • A GROUP OF DIFFERENT TISSUES ALL DOING THE SAME JOB ORGAN SYSTEMS • A GROUP OF TISSUES AND ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER ORGANISM • WHOLE LIVING THING SYSTEMS • • • • • • • • • • • INTEGUMENTARY MUSCULAR SKELETAL RESPIRATORY DIGESTIVE ENDOCRINE CARDIOVASCULAR NERVOUS IMMUNE EXCRETORY REPRODUCTIVE Body Planes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Planes Body Cavities Dorsal cavity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavities Skeletal System • Functions: – Support/Shape – Muscle attachment: movement – Protection – Store minerals • Calcium http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel04.html Joints • Synarthrosis- immoveable • Amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable • Diarthrosis- freely moveable Synovial Joints: Freely moveable • Hinge: http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML Saddle http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML Pivot http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/joints.htm Ball and Socket http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML Gliding http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML Joints http://library.thinkquest.org/J0111100/graphics/joints.html • http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/ body/factfiles/joints/ball_and_socket_joint. shtml Muscular System • Types: – Cardiac – Smooth – Skeletal Cardiac • • • • • Found in heart Striated 3D Can contract on own Involuntary Smooth • Nonstriated • Involuntary • Found in hollow organs Skeletal Muscle • Attached to bone • Involuntary • Striated Function: Muscular System • • • • Movement Posture Stabilize body Generate heat Integumentary System • Skin Functions • • • • Protection Water proofing Heat regulation Excretion of sweat Heat Regulation • More internal heat Increase blood flow to skin Increases loss of heat through skin • Les internal heat Decrease blood flow to skin Decreases loss of heat through skin http://www.healthy-skin-guide.com/skin-diagram.html Circulatory System • Heart • Vessels • Blood Heart Function • Pump blood through body http://www.childrensheartinstitute.org/educate/heartwrk/bloodflw.htm Blood Vessels • Arteries from heart (thickest) • Veins to heart • Capillaries to cells; between arteries and veins; allow diffusion (thinnest) http://www.unm.edu/~jimmy/vessels.jpg Blood • For transportation: nutrients to cells; wastes from cells; heat Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell Macrophage Red blood cell Monocyte http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • LUNGS – GAS EXCHANGE – OXYGEN IN/ CARBON DIOXIDE OUT http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Lung-and-bronchi.htm ALVEOLI http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Lungs-and-alveoli.htm DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT • TO MAKE FOOD SMALL ENOUGH TO ABSORB (DIFFUSION/ACTIVE TRANSPORT) MECHANICAL DIGESTION • MOUTH: TEETH • STOMACH: MUSCLE CHEMICAL DIGESTION • MOUTH: STARCH • STOMACH: PROTEIN • SMALL INTESTINE: FINISHES DIGESTION OF STARCH; DISACHARIDES; PROTEIN; FATS; • LIVER AND PANCREAS SECRETE ENZYMES INTO SMALL INTESTINES ABSORPTION • VILLI OF SMALL INTESTINES http://www.genesishealth.com/services/bariatric-surgery/digestive_diagram.aspx EXCRETORY SYSTEM • To remove metabolic waste (waste produced by the reactions of the body/cells) • Organs: – Lungs (CO2; H2O) – Skin/sweat glands (H2O;Urea;Salt) – Urinary system: kidneys, urinary bladder; (H2O;Urea;Salt;Excess material) http://www.stockmedicalart.com/medicalartlibrary/urinary-system-diagram.html NEPHRON http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Urinary/Urinary_System_Nephron_Diagram.php NERVOUS SYSTEM • To monitor homeostasis; pick up cganges in internal and external environment; control other systems • Organs: Brain: Cerebrum; Cerebellum; Brain Stem http://www.brainhealthandpuzzles.com/diagram_of_brain.html