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Fibers of Connective Tissue • _____________________: • Strong and thick. • Composed of collagen. • Organized into bundles • Found in: ____________ and ________ that are continuously being pulled and stretched. • Sometimes called white fibers • Density and arrangement can vary. COLLAGENOUS FIBERS Fibers of Connective Tissue • ______________________: • Composed of collagen, but are not thick • Thin and delicate and branched into complicated networks. • Form support for around other cellular organs like endocrine glands. • _____________________: • Composed primarily of _____________. • Are branched to form networks • Lack tensile strength of collagenous fibers. • Can stretch and contract. • Found in vocal cords, lungs, blood vessles. • May be referred to as yellow fibers. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue • Fixed Cells: remain in the connective tissue • __________________ secrete fibers and ground substance of particular matrix. • Names may change based on location • Examples: Chondroblast, osteoblast, etc. • As they mature, cells are less active and are called –cytes. Can revert back to -blasts if more matrix is needed. • Examples: Chondrocyte, osteocyte, fibrocyte • Fixed cells • _____________________________: • Found throughout connective tissue • Form adipose tissue. • Filled with _____________. • ____________________________: • Form net-like connections through cells • Involved in immune response and manufacture of reticular fibers. • Transient or _________________Cells • Move in and out of connective tissue as needed. • ___________________ white blood cells • Found in blood and move into connective tissue during periods of infection. • Important in immune function. • ________________: carry ___________ and ___________ which initiate inflammatory response when released into tissue • Usually found near blood stream where can mount response. WANDERING CELLS • Wandering cells • _____________: phagocytotic scavengers that may be either fixed or transient in connective tissue. • Engulf microbes, dead cells and debris • What organelles digests wastes or cell parts? • Given different names depending on locations • Kupffer cells • Microglial cells • histiocytes Types of Connective Tissue • Categorized as: • Loose • Areolar • Adipose • Reticular • Dense • Regular • Dense irregular • Elastic Areolar Tissue • Most common type of connective tissue • Acts to support and cushion organs and other delicate structures. • Has “open” spaces • Filling of spaces during trauma is called _____________ • ________________- when tissue leaves pits in tissue after being compressed. EDEMA AREOLAR TISSUE Adipose Tissue • Commonly known as fat. • Highly vascularized • Cells expand based on amount of lipid being stored. • Important energy store. • May be classified as: • White: • Found throughout body • ___________________: • Found in newborns and hibernating animals • Specialized form plays role in temperature regulation ADIPOSE TISSUE Reticular Connective Tissue • Resembles areolar connective tissue but only contains reticular fibers • Found in limited sites of body Dense Regular Connective Tissue • Tightly paced, parallel collagen fibers • Tremendous tensile strength in one direction. • Found in: _____________ and ___________ Dense Irregular Connective Tissue • Collagen fibers in thicker bundles than those in regular connective tissue. • Can withstand force from many different directions • Found in__________________ Elastic Connective Tissue • High concentration of ___________ fibers that is extremely flexible. • Found in: _____________________________. Specialized Connective Tissues • Cartilage • Hyaline Cartilage • Elastic Cartilage • Fibrocartilage • Bone • Blood Cartilage • Tough, specialized connective tissue. • May be called gristle. • More rigid than dense connective tissue, more flexible than bone. • Does not contain nerves. • Can take a great deal of compression. • Composed of cells _________________and matrix. • 3 types of cartilage: • Hyaline cartilage • Elastic Cartilage • Fibrocartilage Types of Cartilage • ______________________ • Most common type of cartilage found in body. • Found as _______________cartilage at end of long bones and joints and connects ribs to the sternum. • Most rigid type of cartilage. • _____________________ • Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains ______________________________ • Can withstand repeated bending. • Found in ______________________ Types of cartilage continued • _______________________ • Found in: ___________________ Bone • Also called osseous connective tissue • Hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue • Is well vascularized • Provides protection. • Structure • Ground matrix - ___________ – calcium phosphate and collagen fibers • ___________________– channels in bone that carry blood supply and nerves • _________________– fibrous membrane that covers the bone Blood • Most atypical type of connective tissue. • Composed of specialized cells: • ______________ (red blood cells) • ______________ (white blood cells) • _______________ (platelets) Membranes • Epithelial and connective tissue may be linked to form membranes. • Are thin, protective layers that line body cavities, separate organs and cover surfaces. • Four common epithelial membranes are: • Mucous • Serous • Cutaneous • Synovial Mucous Membranes • Always found lining organs that have connection to outside environment. • Found in: ______________________________________ _____________________________________. • Produces protective and lubricating mucous • Play role in monitoring and controlling what enters into body and form barrier. • How are mucous membranes important to us? • CRT • Are very absorptive • Buprenorphine for example Serous Membranes • Also called ________________ • Line walls and cover organs that fill closed body cavities • Characterized by continuous sheet that is doubled over to form two layers with a narrow space. • Remember parietal vs. visceral? • Fluid is thin and watery • Large amount of fluid is called ______________ • Fluid in abdomen is termed _______________ • ___________________ are connections between parietal and visceral layers. ASCITES Cutaneous Membranes • The integument • What else is this called? • Perpetually exposed to environment. • Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium called _________________ • Epidermis is attached to underlying Dermis. Synovial Membranes • Lines the cavities of ______________ • Contain no epithelium overlying it • Manufactures ____________that fills the joint spaces and reduces friction and abrasion at the ends of bones. Muscle Tissue • Uniquely designed for contraction. • Composed of myosin and actin • Three types of muscle tissue: • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ Skeletal Muscle • Large and numerous cells • Usually controlled by conscience thought therefore is _________________. • Are ________________ or striped • Held together by loose connective tissue. Smooth Muscle • Composed of small spindle-shape cells that lack striation or bands and appear smooth. • Can not be consciously controlled. • Found in: ___________________________ Cardiac Muscle • Possesses ability to contract even when neural input has been altered. • Found in: _____________________. • Control is ___________________. • Are striated and connected to other cells via an _________________________ CARDIAC MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE Nervous Tissue • • • Neural tissue is designed to send and receive electrical and chemical signals. Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Composed of two cell types • __________________ • Longest cells in body. • Composed of three parts • Cell body __________________ • Cytoplasmic extensions ______________ • Long single extension ____________ • Forms connections with many other tissues • Sensitive to electrical and chemical changes • ______________________ • Found in greater numbers than neurons • Do not transmit impulses • Are supportive to the neurons Tissue Healing and Repair • Body’s initial response to injury is _____________________. • Repair includes organization of granulation tissue and regeneration of lost tissue or formation of scar tissue • Inflammation: • 4 signs of inflammation: ______________, ____________________, _____________, ___________________________ • Sometimes is decreased function in that part. • This isolates area to prevent further damage • Inflammation is not same as infection. Steps in the Process of Inflammation • 1. Inflammation begins and then vasodilation. Blood flow and oxygen and nutrient supply is increased to area. • 2. Swelling occurs • 3. Clot formation takes place • 4. Debris is removed by phagocytic cells • 5. ____________ and _________ help to reduce swelling and heat. Organization: The formation of Granulation Tissue • New tissue is formed called ________________________________ • Composed of collagen fibers that has been manufactured by fibroblasts. • If granulation tissue becomes too thick, will be called _______________________. • Granulation tissue is slowly replaced by fibrous ____________________ • Helps to pull wound closed. • Is less flexible than normal tissue Proud Flesh Classifications of Wound Healing • ____________________: • Wound edges are held closed • Usually by ______________ • Skin forms a primary union without formation of granulation tissue or significant scarring • ____________________: • Edges of wound separated • Granulation tissue forms to close gap; scarring results • ____________________: • Contaminated wound left open until contamination is reduced and inflammation subsides; later closed by first intention; also called delayed primary closure • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjTQy6 WJFOs • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wFIVnl eDgk&feature=related
