Download Blood Components and Blood Tests

Blood Components and Blood
Tests
Chapter 12
Components of Blood
• 5.5 liters in an average adult
What are the main components of blood?
• 2 main components:
1. Plasma:
– Straw-colored liquid
2. Formed elements:
– Dark-red and buff colored
What Parts Make Up the Formed
Elements?
1. Red blood cells (RBCs)
• Aka erythrocytes “erythro”=red
2. White blood cells (WBCs)
• Leukocytes “leuko”= white
3. Platelets
• thrombocytes
Percentages of Particles in Blood
Blood Plasma
•
•
•
•
•
•
92% water
7% proteins.. Albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen
Wastes
Electrolytes
Nutrients, vitamins, hormones
Gases… oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen
Red Blood Cells
• Biconcave disc, for more surface area
• Smaller then WBCs
• Anucleated– no nucleus when mature
Contain hemoglobin:
What is the role of hemoglobin (in RBCs)?
• A large molecule use to transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood
• Red pigment= heme
• 4.5-5 million RBCs per microliter of blood
• Lower amounts in females than males
Characteristics of WBCs
• Have nucleus
• Larger than RBCs
• 5 kinds that are divided up into granular
and agranular
What is the difference?
• Granular have “dots” that can be seen with
staining, agranular “dots” cannot be seen
• “agranular” because old microscopes were
not powerful enough to see the stains
What are the Types of WBCs?
• Granular:
• Neutrophils – phagocytes –engulf bacteria
• Eosinophils– kill parasites, allergic
reaction
• Basophils– release heparin, allergic
reaction
• Agranular:
• Lymphocytes– immune functions,
antibodies… T-cells and B-cells
• Monocytes– phagocyte, engulf dead RBCs
Platelets
• Thrombocytes
• 130,000-360,000 per microliter
• Help close breaks in damaged blood
vessels, clots blood
• Cells ½ size of RBC
• anucleated
Antigens and Antibodies
• Agglutination– clumping of RBCs following
a blood transfusion
• Antigens– chemicals (surface of RBC) that
stimulate B-cells (lymphocytes) to produce
antibodies
• Different blood types have different
antigens, and during blood transfusions,
can cause a agglutination due to
antigen/antibody reaction
• Blood types are hereditary
ABO Blood Groups / 4 BloodTypes
1. Type A– (antigen A) – person will
produce anti-B antibodies
2. Type B—(antigen B)– person will
produce anti-A antibodies
3. Type AB– (antigen A and B) – no
antibodies produced
4. Type O – (no antigen A or B).. Person
produces both and A and B antibodies
Can blood type A receive type AB?
Can blood type AB receive type O?
Can blood type AB receive type A?
In US, type O, 47%... Type A, 41%... Type B,
9%... Type AB, 3%
Rh Blood Group
• Named after Rhesus monkey in which it
was first studied
• if RBC has the Rh antigen, then it is Rhpositive
• If RBC does NOT have Rh antigen, then it
is Rh-negative
• Anti-Rh antibodies do not appear
spontaneously, only after being exposed
Rh incompatibility Mother to Child
• If an Rh-negative mother has an Rhpositive child
• The mother will build up anti-Rh antibodies
in response
• The next time she has a Rh-positive child,
her immune system (anti-Rh antibodies)
will attack Rh-positive fetal red blood cells
• Called Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh Incompatibility…
Erythroblastosis fetalis.
Infant may be anemic, brain damaged, or die
Blood Types
• AB+
• AB- rarest type in U.S.
• A+
• A• B+
• B• O+ most common in U.S.
• OWhich is considered the universal donor?
Which is considered the universal recipient?
AA
AO
BB
BO
AB
OO
AA
AA
AA OR
AO
AB
AB OR
AO
AA OR
AB
AO
AO
AA OR
AO
AA OR
AO OR
OO
AB OR
BO
AB OR
AO OR
BO OR
OO
AA OR
AB OR
AO OR
BO
AO OR
OO
BB
AB
AB OR
BO
BB
BB OR
BO
AB OR
BB
BO
BO
AB OR
AO
AB OR
AO OR
BO OR
OO
BB OR
BO
BB OR
BO OR
OO
AB OR
AO OR
BB OR
BO
BO OR
OO
AB
AA OR
AB
AA OR
AO OR
AB OR
BO
AB OR
BB
AB OR
AO OR
AO OR
BO
AA OR
AB OR
BB
AO OR
BO
OO
AO
AO OR
OO
BO
BO OR
OO
AO OR
BO
OO
Rh factor probability
Blood type Probability
1. Father is Blood type A-, mother O+.
Is O+ a possible blood type for child?
2. Mother is blood type AB-, Father is O+. Is B- a
possible blood type for this child?
3. Mother is AB+, father is B+. Is A+ a possible
blood type for this child?
Which of the above could cause future
complications for births? Explain your answer.
Blood Disorders
Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Hereditary
• Affects mostly AfricanAmericans, MiddleEasterners
• 2 genes causes the red
blood cells to be sickle
shaped and not round
• Produce abnormal
hemoglobin
• Cells clump together
• Organs can’t get oxygen
they need
Polycythemia
• Abnormally high red
blood cells
• One symptom is
generalized itching
when in warm water
(due to histamines)
• Untreated this can
lead to heart attack or
stroke
Anemia
• Abnormally low RBC
count
• One of the most
common blood
disorders
• Can cause fatigue
and stress to body
organs
• Low iron, usually
Leukemia
• Cancer that starts in
blood forming tissue
and causes large
numbers of white
blood cells to be
produced and
released into the
bloodstream–
immature and not
functioning properly
• 22,000 deaths a year
from leukemia
Normal Human Blood
Bovine Blood
Camel Blood
Cat Blood
Bird Blood
Limulus blood
Reptile blood
Frog Blood