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Blood
Chapter
Hematology
 The Study of Blood and Blood-Forming
Organs

Includes study of blood disorders:




Red blood cell disorders
White blood cell disorders
Platelet disorders
Coagulation problems
Components of Blood
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets and Plasma
Plasma
Plasma
 Plasma
 Water


90–92% by volume
Proteins



Albumins: thicken the
blood
Globulins: antibodies
Fibrinogen: clotting
factors

Serum – plasma
minus its clotting
factors, RBC’s, and
WBC’s
Plasma
 What does plasma do?
 Acts as the primary
means of transport
 Plays a role in clotting
 Acts a buffer
 Provides a source of
energy
Red Blood Cells
(Erythrocytes)
Red Blood Cells
 Hemoglobin
 Oxygen affinity
 Circular shape with an
indention – helps make more
surface area
 Transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide
 Hemoglobin (red pigment


oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen
out to the cells of the body
also carries a small portion of
carbon dioxide
White blood cells
(leukocytes)
White Blood Cells
Provide defense-
White Blood Cells
 White Blood Cell
Catagories:
1.
Granulocytes



Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
2.
Lymphocytes
3.
Monocytes
White Blood Cells
 Immunity

Subpopulation of lymphocytes known as T cells
and B cells
 T cells develop cellular immunity.
 B cells produce humoral immunity.
Immune Response
Platelets
(thrombocyte)
 Damaged cells release certain clotting factors
into the plasma – forming prothrombin
activator
 Platelets become sticky at the point of injury
and soon accumulate near the opening in the
broken blood vessel, forming a soft,
temporary platelet plug
 Prothrombin converts to thrombin which
reacts with fibrinogen to form a fibrous gel
called fibrin – looks like a tangle of fine
threads that catch RBC’s
Hemostasis
The combined 3 mechanisms that work to
prevent or control blood loss.
Hemostasis
 Controlling Blood Loss



Vascular spasms
Platelet plugs
Stable fibrin blood clots
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
 Fibrinolysis
 Thrombosis

Fibrinolytics

In your squads, discuss how medications
affect clot formation.
Lab Work
Blood Collection and Values
Lab Work
Purple Top
CBC- Complete Blood Count
 Used for Hematology:
 RBC: 3.8-5.6 M/uL
 WBC: 3.8-11 K/mm3
 Neutrophils: 50-81%
 Bands: 1-5%
 Lymphocytes: 1444%
 Monocytes: 2-6%
 Eosinophils: 1-5%
 Basophils: 0-1%
Purple Top
CBC- Complete Blood Count
 Hbg (hemaglobin): 11-18 g/dL
 Hct (hematocrit): 34-54%
 Platelets: 150-450x10-3/dL
CBCs
In your squad, discuss what you have
learned about CBCs.
Blood Typing
Blood Products and Blood Typing
 Blood Types

Antigens




A, B, AB, O
Universal donors
Universal recipients
Rh factor
Diseases of the Red
Blood Cells
 Anemias
 Sickle Cell Disease
 Polycythemia
Diseases of the Red
Blood Cells
 Anemias

Anemia is a sign, not a separate disease
process.


Signs and symptoms may not be present until the
body is stressed.
Differentiate chronic anemia from acute episode.
Diseases of the Red
Blood Cells
 Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell crises
Diseases of the Red
Blood Cells
 Polycythemia
 Overproduction of
erythrocytes
 Occurs in patients >50
years old or with
secondary
dehydration.
 Results in bleeding
abnormalities
Diseases of the White
Blood Cells
 Leukopenia/Neutropenia
 Leukocytosis
 Leukemia
 Lymphomas
Diseases of the White
Blood Cells
 Leukopenia/Neutropenia

Too few white blood cells or neutrophils.
 Leukocytosis

An increase in the number of circulating white
blood cells, often due to infection.
Diseases of the White
Blood Cells
 Leukemia


Cancer of hematopoietic cells
Initial presentation


Acutely ill, fatigued, febrile and weak, anemic
Often have a secondary infection
Diseases of the White
Blood Cells
 Lymphomas
 Cancers of the lymphatic system
 Presentation


Swelling of the lymph nodes
Fever, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss,
fatigue, and pururitis
Diseases of the Platelets
Thrombocytosis

An abnormal increase
in the number of
platelets
Thrombocytopenia

An abnormal
decrease in the
number of platelets
Blood Clotting Abnormalities
 Hemophilia