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Unit 1: What is Biology? Unit 2: Ecology Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Unit 4: Genetics Unit 5: Change Through Time Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7: Plants Unit 8: Invertebrates Unit 9: Vertebrates Unit 10: The Human Body Unit 1: What is Biology? Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life Unit 2: Ecology Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes Chapter 4: Population Biology Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and Conservation Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life Chapter 7: A View of the Cell Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle Chapter 9: Energy in a Cell Unit 4: Genetics Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis Chapter 11: DNA and Genes Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Chapter 13: Genetic Technology Unit 5: Change Through Time Chapter 14: The History of Life Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16: Primate Evolution Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria Chapter 19: Protists Chapter 20: Fungi Unit 7: Plants Chapter 21: Chapter 22: Chapter 23: Chapter 24: What Is a Plant? The Diversity of Plants Plant Structure and Function Reproduction in Plants Unit 8: Invertebrates Chapter 25: What Is an Animal? Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28: Arthropods Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Unit 9: Vertebrates Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds Chapter 32: Mammals Chapter 33: Animal Behavior Unit 10: The Human Body Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter 36: The Nervous System Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease Vertebrates Fishes and Amphibians Reptiles and Birds Mammals Animal Behavior Chapter 33 Animal Behavior 33.1: Innate Behavior 33.1: Section Check 33.2: Learned Behavior 33.2: Section Check Chapter 33 Summary Chapter 33 Assessment What You’ll Learn You will distinguish between innate and learned behavior. You will identify the adaptive value of specific types of behavior. Section Objectives: • Distinguish among the types of innate behavior. • Demonstrate, by example, the adaptive value of innate behavior. What is behavior? • Behavior is anything an animal does in response to a stimulus. • A stimulus is an environmental change that directly influences the activity of an organism. What is behavior? • Animals carry on many activities—such as getting food, avoiding predators, caring for young, finding shelter, and attracting mates—that enable them to survive and reproduce. Inherited behavior • Inheritance plays an important role in the ways animals behave. • An animal’s genetic makeup determines how that animal reacts to certain stimuli. Natural selection favors certain behaviors • Often, a behavior exhibited by an animal species is the result of natural selection. • Individuals with behavior that makes them more successful at surviving and reproducing tend to produce more offspring than individuals without the behavior. Natural selection favors certain behaviors • These offspring will inherit the genetic basis for the successful behavior. • Inherited behavior of animals is called innate (ih NAYT) behavior. Natural selection favors certain behaviors • This toad captured its prey using an innate behavior is known as a fixed-action pattern. • A fixed-action pattern is an unchangeable behavior pattern that, once initiated, continues until completed. Genes form the basis of innate behavior • Through experiments, scientists have found that an animal’s hormonal balance and its nervous system affect how sensitive the individual is to certain stimuli. • Innate behavior includes fixed-action patterns, automatic responses, and instincts. Automatic Responses • A reflex (REE fleks) is a simple, automatic response to a stimulus that involves no conscious control. • A fight-or-flight response mobilizes the body for greater activity. Automatic Responses • Your body is being prepared to either fight or run from danger. • A fight-or-flight response is automatic and controlled by hormones and the nervous system. Instinctive Behavior • Some behaviors take a longer time because they involve more complex actions. • An instinct (IHN stingt) is a complex pattern of innate behavior. • Instinctive behavior begins when the animal recognizes a stimulus and continues until all parts of the behavior have been performed. Instinctive Behavior • For example, greylag geese instinctively retrieve eggs that have rolled from the nest. Courtship behavior ensures reproduction • Courtship behavior is the behavior that males and females of a species carry out before mating. • Like other instinctive behaviors, courtship has evolved through natural selection. Courtship behavior ensures reproduction • Individuals often can recognize one another by the behavior patterns each performs. • In courtship, behavior ensures that members of the same species find each other and mate. Courtship behavior ensures reproduction • In some spiders, the male is smaller than the female and risks the chance of being eaten if he approaches her. • Before mating, the male in some species presents the female with an object, such as an insect wrapped in a silk web. Courtship behavior ensures reproduction • While the female is unwrapping and eating the insect, the male is able to mate with her without being attacked. Territoriality reduces competition • A territory is a physical space an animal defends against other members of its species. • It may contain the animal’s breeding area, feeding area, and potential mates, or all three. Territoriality reduces competition • Animals that have territories will defend their space by driving away other individuals of the same species. Territoriality reduces competition • Although it may not appear so, setting up territories actually reduces conflicts, controls population growth, and provides for efficient use of environmental resources. • When animals space themselves out, they don’t compete for the same resources within a limited space. Territoriality reduces competition • Pheromones are chemicals that communicate information among individuals of the same species. • Many animals produce pheromones to mark territorial boundaries. • One advantage of using pheromones is that they work both day and night, and whether or not the animal that made the mark is present. Aggressive behavior threatens other animals • Aggressive behavior is used to intimidate another animal of the same species. • Animals fight or threaten one another in order to defend their young, their territory, or a resource such as food. Aggressive behavior threatens other animals • Animals of the same species rarely fight to the death. • The fights are usually symbolic. • Why does aggressive behavior rarely result in serious injury? One answer is that the defeated individual shows signs of submission to the victor. Aggressive behavior threatens other animals • These signs inhibit further aggression by the victor. Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • In animals, usually the oldest or strongest wins the argument. • Sometimes, aggressive behavior among several individuals results in a grouping in which there are different levels of dominant and submissive animals. Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • A dominance hierarchy (DAH muh nunts · HI rar kee) is a form of social ranking within a group in which some individuals are more subordinate than others. Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • There might be several levels in the hierarchy, with individuals in each level subordinate to the one above. • The ability to form a dominance hierarchy is innate, but the position each animal assumes may be learned. Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • The term pecking order comes from a dominance hierarchy that is formed by chickens. • The top-ranking chicken can peck any other chicken. Submission leads to dominance hierarchies • The chicken lowest in the hierarchy is pecked at by all the other chickens in the group. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Some instinctive behavior is exhibited in animals in response to internal, biological rhythms. • A 24-hour, light-regulated, sleep/wake cycle of behavior is called a circadian (sur KAY dee uhn) rhythm. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Circadian rhythms keep you alert during the day and help you relax at night. • Circadian rhythms are controlled by genes, yet are also influenced by factors such as jet lag and shift work. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Rhythms also can occur on a yearly or seasonal cycle. • Migration, for example, occurs on a seasonal cycle. Migration is the instinctive, seasonal movement of animals. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Change in day length is thought to stimulate the onset of migration in the same way that it controls the flowering of plants. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Animals navigate in a variety of ways. • Some use the positions of the sun and stars to navigate. • They may use geographic clues, such as mountain ranges. • Some bird species seem to be guided by Earth’s magnetic field. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Young animals may learn when and where to migrate by following their parents. • How many animals cope with winter is another example of instinctive behavior. • Many mammals, some birds, and a few other types of animals go into a deep sleep during parts of the cold winter months. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • This period of inactivity is called hibernation. • Hibernation (hi bur NAY shun) is a state in which the body temperature drops substantially, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per minute. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Hibernation conserves energy. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • What happens to animals that live year-round in hot environments? • Estivation (es tuh VAY shun) is a state of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intense heat. • Desert animals appear to estivate sometimes in response to lack of food or periods of drought. Behavior resulting from internal and external cues • Clearly, estivation is an innate behavior that depends on both internal and external cues. Question 1 An earthworm will move away from light. What type of behavior is this an example of? (TX Obj 2; 8C) A. B. C. D. innate courtship learned bioluminescence The answer is A. Innate behavior is inherited. Question 2 How is natural selection related to behavior? (TX Obj 3; 7B) Answer Individuals with a behavior that makes them more successful at surviving and reproducing tend to produce more offspring. The offspring then inherit the genetic basis for the behavior. Question 3 What controls the fight or flight response that organisms experience when they are scared? (TX Obj 2; 10A) Answer Genes contain the information for innate behaviors. An automatic response, such as the fight or flight response is controlled by hormones and the nervous system. Section Objectives • Distinguish among types of learned behavior. • Demonstrate, by example, types of learned behavior. What is learned behavior? • Learning, or learned behavior, takes place when behavior changes through practice or experience. • The more complex an animal’s brain, the more elaborate the patterns of its learned behavior. What is learned behavior? Types of Behaviors Comparison of Animal Behaviors Kinds of Learned Behavior • Just as there are several types of innate behavior, there are several types of learned behavior. • Some learned behavior is simple and some is complex. Habituation: A simple form of learning • Habituation (huh bit choo AY shun) occurs when an animal is repeatedly given a stimulus that is not associated with any punishment or reward. • An animal has become habituated to a stimulus when it finally ceases to respond to the stimulus. Imprinting: A permanent attachment • Imprinting is a form of learning in which an animal, at a specific critical time of its life, forms a social attachment to another object. • Imprinting takes place only during a specific period of time in the animal’s life and is usually irreversible. Imprinting: A permanent attachment • In birds such as geese, imprinting takes place during the first day or two after hatching. Imprinting: A permanent attachment • A gosling rapidly learns to recognize and follow the first conspicuous moving object it sees. • Normally, that object is the gosling’s mother. Learning by trial and error • Trial-and-error learning occurs when an animal receives a reward for making a particular response. Proper nest building is often the result of trial and error learning. Learning by trial and error • When an animal tries one solution and then another in the course of obtaining a reward it is learning by trial-and-error. Proper nest building is often the result of trial and error learning. Learning by trial and error • Learning happens more quickly if there is a reason to learn or be successful. • Motivation is an internal need that causes an animal to act, and it is necessary for learning to take place. • In most animals, motivation often involves satisfying a physical need, such as hunger or thirst. Classical conditioning: Learning by association • Classical conditioning is learning by association. • In the early 1900s, Ivan Pavlov, a Russian biologist, first demonstrated classical conditioning in dogs. Classical conditioning: Learning by association Insight: The most complex type of learning • Insight is learning in which an animal uses previous experience to respond to a new situation. • Much of human learning is based on insight. Insight: The most complex type of learning • Solving math problems is a daily instance of using insight. • Probably your first experience with mathematics was when you learned to count. Insight: The most complex type of learning • Years later, you continue to solve problems in mathematics based on your past experiences. The Role of Communication • Communication is an exchange of information that results in a change of behavior. • Honeybees, for example, communicate the location of a food source using a dance. Most animals communicate • Animals have several channels of communication open to them. They signal each other by sounds, sights, touches, or smells. • Sounds such as songs, roars, and calls communicate a lot of information quickly. Most animals communicate • Signals that involve odors may be broadcast widely and carry a general message. Ants leave odor trails that are followed by other members of their nest. • These odors are species specific. Using both innate and learned behavior • Some communication is a combination of both innate and learned behavior. • In some species of songbirds males automatically sing when they reach sexual maturity. Indigo bunting Using both innate and learned behavior • Their songs are specific to their species, and singing is innate behavior. Indigo bunting Using both innate and learned behavior • Yet members of the same species that live in different regions learn different variations of the song. • In other species, birds raised in isolation never learn to sing their species song. Some animals use language • Language, the use of symbols to represent ideas, is present primarily in animals with complex nervous systems, memory, and insight. Some animals use language • Humans, with the help of spoken and written language, can benefit from what other people and cultures have learned and don’t have to experience everything for themselves. According to the graph, what type of behavior do invertebrates primarily exhibit? (TX Obj 1; 2C) A. reasoning B. learning C. reflex D. instinct Types of Behaviors Question 1 Comparison of Animal Behaviors The answer is C. Invertebrates primarily rely on reflex actions to survive. Types of Behaviors Comparison of Animal Behaviors Question 2 According to the graph, is the song sung by this sparrow a learned or innate behavior? Explain. (TX Obj 1; 2C) Bird’s Songs Wild sparrow Sparrow raised in isolation The graph indicates that there is a difference in the song sung by the wild sparrow and the one raised in isolation, therefore the song must be a learned behavior. Bird’s Songs Wild sparrow Sparrow raised in isolation Question 3 The first time you rode a bicycle, you fell off. The next time, you were able to stay on and complete the ride. What type of learning is this an example of? (TX Obj 2; 8C) A. habituation B. imprinting C. motivation D. trial and error The answer is D. Innate Behavior • Behavior is anything an animal does in response to a stimulus. • Many behaviors have adaptive value and are shaped by natural selection. • Innate behavior is inherited. Innate behaviors include fixed-action patterns, automatic responses and instincts. Innate Behavior • Automatic responses include reflexes and fight-or-flight responses. • An instinct is a complex pattern of innate behaviors. Innate Behavior • Behaviors such as courtship rituals, displays of aggressive behavior, territoriality, dominance hierarchies, hibernation, and migration are all forms of instinctive behavior. • Pecking order is an example of a dominance hierarchy. Learned Behavior • Learning takes place when behavior changes through practice or experience. • Learned behavior has adaptive value. • Learning includes habituation, imprinting, trial and error, and classical conditioning. Learned Behavior • The most complex type of learning is learning by insight. • Some animals use language, whereas most communicate by either visual, auditory, or chemical signals. Question 1 A deer living in the city allows you to approach and feed it, what is this an example of? (TX Obj 2; 8C) A. habituation B. imprinting C. aggressive behavior D. dominance hierarchy The answer is A. A deer normally would run from a human, but after living in the city, it has learned that humans will not harm it and are a source of food. Question 2 Why do members of the same species rarely fight to the death? (TX Obj 2; 8C) Answer It isn’t in the best interest of the animal to fight to the death. Most fights are symbolic and occur only to prove dominance between individuals. Question 3 What type of behavior does this map illustrate? (TX Obj 1; 2C) The arrows on the map indicate that the butterflies are moving to the south. This is an example of a migration pattern. Question 4 How do organisms benefit from setting up territories? (TX Obj 2; 8C) Answer Territories reduce conflicts, control population growth, and provide for efficient use of environmental resources. This improves the chances of survival of the young, and therefore the species. Question 5 A mouse is placed at one end of a maze. Food is placed at the other end of the maze. What does the food represent? (TX Obj 2; 8C) A. motivation B. a balanced diet C. insight D. communication The answer is A. Food is the motivation used to make the mouse complete the maze. Question 6 What type of learning does this figure illustrate? (TX Obj 2; 8C) Question 6 A. insight B. trial and error C. classical conditioning D. habituation The answer is C, classical conditioning. Question 7 Honeybees perform a dance to tell other bees where a food source is. What type of behavior is this called? (TX Obj 2; 8C) A. aggressive behavior B. communication C. courtship D. submission The answer is B, communication. Photo Credits • Digital Stock • PhotoDisc • David M. Dennis • KS Studio • Roger K. Burnard • Dave Menke/USFWS • Aaron Haupt • Alton Biggs To advance to the next item or next page click on any of the following keys: mouse, space bar, enter, down or forward arrow. Click on this icon to return to the table of contents Click on this icon to return to the previous slide Click on this icon to move to the next slide Click on this icon to open the resources file. End of Chapter 33 Show