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Transcript
HPR 450 Theories and Therapies Chapter 2 Its all about the mind… RT/TR has a strong focus on psychology Helping individuals make positive change; take control of their lives Broader than PT – not all recreation is active or physical Broader than OT – RT/TR emphasizes enjoyment of the leisure experience, not just improvement in function 5 Major Theories Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Cognitive-Behavioral Growth Psychology Positive Psychology TR tends toward eclecticism – a combination of all of these Psychoanalytic Associated w/ Freud, Adler, Horney, Erickson, Sullivan Instincts, subconscious ID/EGO/Superego Some elements are afforded less credibility (Oedipus/Electra complexes) while others (defense mechanisms) have proven more useful Id, Ego and Super-Ego id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role; The super-ego can stop you from doing certain things that your id may want you to do (guilt, perfection) and the ego is the organized, realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego. . Wants, desires, impulses, present from birth reality principle; i.e. it seeks to please the id’s drive in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term rather than bring grief.[ Defense Mechanisms Unconscious means of protection Denial – refusal to acknowledge Repression – purposeful ‘forgetting’ Displacement – transfer emotions to an easier target Sublimation – discharge or express socially unacceptable behaviors in acceptable way (e.g., take up boxing instead of punching out strangers) Reaction formation – ‘unacceptable’ impulses are channeled into the opposite behavior (e.g. person who drinks/drives becomes president of the local MADD group) Rationalization – socially accepted reason prevents nonacceptable belief about ones self Psychoanalytic approach – How does it relate to TR? Sublimation – channel potentially negative behaviors into acceptable forms of recreation (note: catharsis (purging of emotions) is questionable – some aggressive sports INCREASE overall tendencies toward aggression) Understanding of subconscious and how it impacts behaviors Understanding of stages of development in general; impact that experiences from earlier years may have on later behaviors Table 2-3 Common Defenses Denial. The source of distress is not acknowledged or perceived because it is too threatening. The person refuses to admit being frightened by an event or action of another individual. Repression. Unacceptable or anxiety-provoking thoughts or feelings are blotted out of consciousness. People forget threatening occurrences. Displacement. Emotions are transferred from the original person or object to a less formidable, or safer, target. It is the “kick the cat” defense. Table 2-3 Common Defenses (Cont.) Projection. Rejecting an unacceptable thought or feeling by blaming it on another person. By attributing it to someone else, the unacceptable thought or feeling is removed from the person. Sublimation. Directing a socially unacceptable desire or activity into a socially acceptable one. For example, releasing sexual urges though dance. Rationalization. A socially acceptable reason is given to avoid having to face a nonacceptable belief about oneself. Intellectualization. Painful emotions or feelings associated with an event are explained away by the use of a rational explanation. Behavioristic Behavior Therapy or Behavior Modification HPR 411 From ‘learning’ theories Reinforcement; rewards and punishment; modeling; shaping; conditioning Frequently used with persons with mental illness, developmental disabilities Subconscious (psychoanalytic) vs. academic (learning) How does it relate to TR? Objective observation of overt behavior and learning of new behaviors to achieve assessed goals Use of rewards (“token economies”) Elements of behaviorism in other facilitation techniques (assertiveness training; social skills training; progressive relaxation are examples) Cognitive Behavioral Approaches - 1 Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) Albert Ellis Beliefs influence experiences (how we perceive what happens) We are predisposed to be creative and happy We acquire irrational beliefs (“I must” or “Must not” do/think/act/believe) May destroy our health and happiness RET identifies irrational beliefs and provides client with ways of combating them RT/TR can use RET in leisure counseling – for example, teaching people not to feel guilty about engaging in leisure rather than work “Perception” (ABC – Activate, Believe, Consequence) Cognitive Behavioral Approaches - 2 Reality Therapy William Glasser Focus on present behavior and taking responsibility for one’s own needs Basic needs are to find love and worth Failure to meet these needs may result in denial of reality leading to negative behavior patterns or poor health RT/TR can use reality therapy by forming supportive relationship with clients while helping clients to take responsibility for behavior AND focus on living in the present Cognitive Behavioral Approaches - 3 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Aaron Beck Maladaptive assumptions underlie individuals thoughts and beliefs (sounds a little like RET) Deal with here and now (sounds a little like Reality Therapy) RT/TR can use C-B in leisure counseling to help clients look at general beliefs and values and understand how those affect feelings and behaviors Covered thus far: Psychoanalytic Behavioristic Defense mechanisms; subconscious; stages of development Reward and punishment; token economies; shaping behaviors Cognitive behavioral Beliefs shape our experiences; unconditional positive regard; living in the present Growth Psychology in general Humanistic Approach Anti-determinism (Freud – biologically determined; Behaviorism – environmentally determined) Free will; freedom of choice; responsibility for one’s actions Also called ‘health psychology’ due to concern with wellness Mental health not just absence of neurosis; also healthy self-awareness Growth Psychology - 1 Person-Centered Therapy Carl Rogers Unconditional positive regard (lack of same results in anxiety) Therapist should be accepting, non-directive and display unconditional positive regard Creates safe environment for client recovery Table 2-4 Six Conditions for Change 1. 2. 3. The client and helper must be in psychological contact. A therapeutic relationship or emotional connection between the helper and client is essential. The client must be in a state of incongruence…If a client feels no anxiety, she or he is unlikely to be motivated enough to engage in the helping process. The helper must be congruent (genuine) or integrated in the relationship…The helper cannot be phony in the helping relationship. Source: Hill, C.E., & O’Brien, K.M. (1999). Helping skills: Facilitating, exploration, insight, and action. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp.68, 69. Six Conditions for Change (Cont.) 4. 5. 6. The helper must feel unconditional positive regard for the client…Essentially, a helper is trying to understand a client’s feelings and experience but is not trying to judge whether the person “should” or “should not” have the feelings or whether the feelings are “right” or “wrong.” The helper must experience empathy for the client…We can distinguish empathy from sympathy, in which the helper feels pity for the client and often acts from a one-up power position rather than as an equal. The client must experience the helper’s congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. If the client does not experience the facilitative conditions, for all practical purposes they do not exist for the client and the sessions are not likely to be helpful. Growth Psychology - 2 Gestalt Therapy German word implies organized whole or sense of wholeness Fritz Perls People live and behave as others expect them to rather than being genuine Inhibit and repress feelings May project these feelings onto others to avoid owning up to them Growth Psychology - 3 Transactional Analysis Eric Berne Used in group therapy Looks at the basis for our relationships with others; how those relationships are expressed; how we delay dealing with feelings Roles in relationships may or may not be parallel (transactional analysis; adults, children) Growth Psychology – How does it relate to TR? RT/TR can be applicable to all people, not just ‘disabled’ Humanistic Focus on growth of individual Unconditional positive regard by therapist; warm accepting climate Dealing with here and now Positive Psychology 21st century approach Martin Seligman Focus on subjective experiences – well being, contentment, satisfaction, optimism, flow (Csikszentmihalyi) Definition -“The psychology of human strengths and optimal functioning” Accentuates the positive !! Positive Psychology - elements Positive Emotions Positive Traits – abilities, strengths and virtues Positive Institutions – influences that cultivate abilities and strengths Capacity for love and vocation, courage, interpersonal skill, aesthetic sensibility, perseverance, forgiveness, originality, future mindedness, spirituality, high talent, wisdom Positive Psychology – How does it relate to TR? People tend toward self-actualization Focus on the positive Focus on strengths, rather than weaknesses Building rather than repairing Table 2-1 Five Major Theories of Helping Theory Theorists Psycho- Freud analytic Adler Horney Erickson Sullivan Concepts Instincts motivate behaviors. A great deal of significance is given to unconscious factors. Approaches Therapist’s interpretations Catharsis Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy Table 2-1 Five Major Theories of Helping (Cont.) Theory Theorists Behavio- Watson ristic Pavlov Thorndike Skinner Premack Concepts Behavior is learned. Abnormal behavior is a type of learned behavior and so it can be changed. Approaches Reinforcement Modeling Token economies Premack Principle Social Skills Training Table 2-1 Five Major Theories of Helping (Cont.) Theory Theorists Cognitive- Ellis Behavioral Glasser Beck Concepts Approaches RationalPeople identify Emotive thoughts and Therapy beliefs they hold about themselves Reality Therapy Cognitiveand the world in Behavioral order to change Therapy the way they think about themselves and the world. Table 2-1 Five Major Theories of Helping (Cont.) Theory Theorists Growth Rogers Psychology Perls Berne Maslow Allport Concepts Sees people as being self-aware, able to deal with environmental influences, and generally in control of their own destinies. Approaches PersonCentered Therapy Gestalt Therapy Transactional analysis Table 2-1 Five Major Theories of Helping (Cont.) Theory Theorists Concepts Approaches Broaden-andPositive Seligman People Build Theory Psych- Csikszentmihalyi reach Activities foster optimal ology positive functioning emotions through Development of positive strengths emotions, and abilities positive traits, and positive institutions. Other Theories that RT/TR may draw from… Family Therapy Psychodrama Multimodal Therapy Constructivism Feminist Therapies Multicultural Perspective