Download Review Unit 10 Personality 2014-2015

Personality
unique make-up of consistent
behavioral traits
• Personality trait=durable way to
behave in a variety of situations-what
Trait Theories look at
• Ex=honest, dependable, moody,
friendly, etc…
Factor Analysis
factor analysis=
Statistical correlation between traits that
they cluster as a factor. For instance,
conscientiousness is the cluster of traits
(punctual, neat, diligent, for instance)
Trait Theories
• The Five-Factor Model /the Big Five (Costa
and McCrea)(CANOE)
– Extraversion (outgoing, friendly, upbeat)
– Neuroticism (anxious, insecure, self
conscious, hostile)
– Openness to experience (curious,
flexible, imaginative, artistic)-this trait
determines political attitudes
– Agreeableness (sympathetic, trusting,
cooperative, straight forward)
– Conscientiousness (diligent, disciplined,
well organized, punctual, dependable)
Freud on Development:
Psychosexual Stages
• Sexual = physical pleasure
• Psychosexual stages –developmental
periods with a sexual focus that leaves its
mark on adult personality-formed by age 5
– Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
• Fixation = Excessive gratification or
frustration, failure to move forward
• Overemphasis on psychosexual needs
during fixated stage
• Old apple peels look gross
Freud’s Five Stages
• Oral Stage 0-1=Mouth as pleasure source; Key taskweaning from bottle; Fixation=excessive eating,
smoking, etc..
• Anal 2-3=expelling/retaining feces; first attempt to
regulate urges; punitive toilet training=hostility toward
trainer or a group of people -all women; fixation=Anal
retentive-controlling or Anal expulsive-messy
• Phallic 4-5=genitals and self stimulation; Erotic
energy focuses on the opposite sex parent (Oedipal
Complex/Electra Complex)
Penis envy-girls hostile toward mom who girl
blames for the anatomy deficiency
Resolve by identifying with same sex parent (Must
resolve for sexual/gender identity
personality is developed (Most Imp. Stage)
Latency 6-12
• None-sexually repressed
• Expand social contact beyond immediate
family
Genital – puberty and beyond
• Focus is on the genitals again
• Sexual energy channeled towards the
opposite sex
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
– Structure of personality
• Id - Pleasure principle, instinctive
component (unconscious-below
surface)
• Ego - Reality principle-seeks to delay
gratification, tames the desires of the
id-The Mediator
• Superego =conscience or sensor –
Morality-strives for moral perfectionemerges from the ego during Phallic
Stage3-5 yrs. (below surface)
Underdeveloped id=no impulses control
(lie, steal, drugs)
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Levels of awareness/Consciousness
• Conscious-what we are aware of at any
given time (EGO)
• Preconscious-info. just beneath the
surface that can easily be retrieves
(EGO)
• Unconscious-thoughts, memories and
desires below surface but have a
GREAT influence on behavior
(ID/SUPER EGO)
• Freudian Slip/Dreams
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
– Conflict between the id, ego and
superego is routine-because id
wants:
Sex and Aggression-causes many
conflicts because:
These drives need to be routinely
frustrated
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Anxiety, on the conscious level, results when
1. Id getting out of control
2. Superego getting out of control and causing
guilt for the real or imagined transgression
Anxiety is primary in Freud’s personality theory
The result?
• Defense Mechanisms-unconscious
reactions that protect from unpleasant
emotions, anxiety, and guilt
Figure 12.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Defense Mechanisms-Work Through
Self Deception (protect from anxiety,
desires, guilt)
Rationalization-explain away failures or flaws
Repression-burry painful thoughts/feelings in unconscious
(don’t remember an event)
Projection-see my own faults in others
Displacement-substitute, safe target (yell at brother rather
than teacher)
Reaction formation-behave opposite of what you feel
Regression-act immature
Identification-bolster self-esteem through alliance with a
person/group ( ex. Club or fraternity)
Denial-refusing to believe painful realities (he’d never cheat on
me)
Sublimation-Sublimation channels the energy from impulses
and into acceptable acts (sports, art, hobbies)
Neo Freudians
• Carl Jung
• Alfred Adler
• Karen Horney
• Eric Erickson
Less concerned with Libido=sexual
desire
Other Psychodynamic Theorists
Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology
• Unconscious had two layers:
– 1. Personal unconscious-houses repressed or
forgotten information/events
– 2. collective unconscious-latent memories
inherited from people’s ancestral past-we share
this with the entire human race; seen in:
Archetypes- are/symbols/literature/religion-similar
between cultures since archetypes are shared by
the whole human race (mandala or magic circle)
– He felt dreams contained messages from the
unconscious
Other Psychodynamic Theorists
Carl Jung
– First to describe
Introversion/Extraversion
– This was more valuable than his
archetype theory
• Introverts-preoccupied with the internal
world of there own thoughts, feelings,
experiences
• Extraverts-interested in the external world of
people and things
Other Psychodynamic Theorists
• Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology
– Striving for superiority was the main
goal of life, not sex
– Striving for superiority=a universal drive
to adapt , improve oneself, and master
life’s challenges
– It was inferiority typical of children that
motivated children to acquire new
skills/talents
Other Psychodynamic Theorists
Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology
Felt we all have to work to overcome feelings of
inferiority-a process called:
– Compensation=efforts to overcome feelings of
inferiority by developing one’s abilities
– Inferiority complex=exaggerated feelings of
weakness and inadequacy – not normal, results
in:
– overcompensation=people engage in this to hide
these feelings from others/themselves; they
engage in activities to make self superior to
others, trappings of success( money, cars), status
is what they go for rather than achievement
– They worry about appearance more then reality
Behavioral Perspectives
• Skinner’s views
–Operant Conditioning and
response tendencies-they pay
little attention to personality
structure
–Environmental determinismenvironment determines our
behaviors
Figure 12.6 Personality development and operant conditioning
Behavioral Perspective
• Bandura’s views (now called social- cognitive theory)
or Social leaning theory
Observational learning =(Imitation and Models)
Reciprocal Determinism= 1.Thinking, 2. Behavior and the
3. Environment interact , and influence each other
Self-efficacy (part of 1. Thinking) =one’s beliefs about one’s
ability to perform behaviors that lead to expected outcomes
(2 and 3 above)
Perceptions of self-efficacy are subjective
• High=feel confident and results in behavior
• Low= opposite
Figure 12.7 Bandura’s reciprocal conditioning
Humanist Perspective on Personality
• Humanism=emphasizes the unique qualities
of humans, especially their freedom and
potential for personal growth
Humanistic Perspectives
• Carl Rogers
– Person Centered Theory-theory based on one
construct:
• Self-concept (beliefs about our own nature,
unique qualities, and typical behavior) “I’m
easygoing, shy, hard working…”
• We distort this in our favor- it may not be in-line
with our experience
– Conditional/unconditional positive regard
Conditional (love you if you please me)verses
Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers-Humanism)
Incongruence=the degree of disparity between one’s
self-concept and one’s actual experiences and
We all have incongruences-Too much incongruence
undermines one’s psychological well-being
Humanistic Perspectives
Carl Rogers
Development of the Self:
Unconditional love-congruence
Conditional love incongruence-
Distort more experiences to feel worthy of
acceptance
Defense Mechs. Protect inaccurate selfconcept
Figure 12.9 Rogers’s view of personality structure
Humanistic Perspectives
Abraham Maslow “What a man can be, he
must be.”
– Self-actualization theory-felt drive is innate
– Hierarchy of needs
• The healthy personality= people who
have continued self-growth
Peter Sees Bees Everywhere Silly
Physical, Safety/ Belonging, Esteem,
Self Actualization
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
• criticized for overly optimistic view of human
nature (Maslow had a hard time finding live
people who had self-actualized).
Biological Perspectives
• Eysenk’s theory
– All traits come from 3 higher order traits
– Extraversion, neuroticism (anxious, tense,
moody, low self-esteem), and psychoticism
(egocentric, cold, impulsive, antisocial)
Behavioral Genetics and Personality
Determined by genes
• Twin studies showed CANOE innate or had a high
level of heredability
Figure 12.14 Twin studies of personality
Personality Tests
• 2 Types
1. Self reporting inventories =most common
personality tests = true false rating scale
Example:
MMPI (most widely used ) -14 subscales
MMPI used to detect disorders
MMPI Sub-Scales
2. Projective Tests
• Respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli that
reveal one’s needs, feelings and personality
traits (which perspective would use this???)
• Rorscharch-10 inkblots
• TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) shown
scenes and asked to tell what they see
(Side fact from Motivation Unit-those high in
achievement motive revealed on TAT)
Cons of self-reporting scales
• Social desirability bias
• Response set-respond in a way
that has nothing to do with the
content (Yes or no to every
question)
Ink Blot Test
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
Pros-not transparent to subject
Can show unconscious features
Cons-not reliable/valid
Thematic Apperception Test
Other Concepts
• Julian Rotter-Locus of Control impacts
one’s personality
External-others and events control my life and/
or my reactions
Internal –I have control over life events and/ or
my reactions