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RECONSTRUCTION (1865-1877) Period during which the US began to rebuild after the Civil War; process used by federal gov’t to readmit the Confederate States to the Union Essential Questions 1. To what extent did the Civil War and Reconstruction establish the supremacy of the national government? 2. Describe the beginning of Reconstruction and the development of Radical Reconstruction. PROBLEMS Had to rebuild everything: politics, society, and the economy in the South Deal with issues that caused the Civil War Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress had different ideas on how reconstruction should be handled Lincoln’s Plan “10% Plan” Preserve the Union—lenient policy Higher Cause Forgiving peace “with malice toward none, with charity for all” Amnesty (forgiveness) to most 10% must take oath—swear allegiance Little mention of former slaves RADICAL PLAN Radical Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner want to destroy power of former slave owners Wade-Davis Bill of 1864—(harsher plan, martial law, majority takes oath, bars leaders) proposed Congress do reconstruction, Lincoln vetoed the bill Lincoln Assassinated April 15, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President Tried to follow Lincoln’s plan with additions (wanted to deal with leaders of CSA more harshly) Congress refuses plan South tries to reorganize under Lincoln’s plan Southern Politics Black codes —informal code of conduct that governed blacks allowing whites to maintain control and deny blacks rights Many of the same Confederate leaders re-elected The North saw little change in the South—leading more to favor for Congress’ plan Power Struggle Congress refuses to admit new Southern delegates Johnson’s plan comes to a standstill after he vetoes 2 bills Passes Civil Rights Act of 1866 over presidential veto (1st time ever) 14th amendment—all persons entitled to equal protection of the law Riots led to Radicals gaining control of Congress in 1866 RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION Reconstruction Act: • did not recognize Southern states under • • • • Lincoln or Johnson’s plan divided South into 5 military districts new state constitutions would be drafted had to ratify the 14th amendment banned former leaders New Government Scalawags: white Southerners who joined the Republican party Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved South African-Americans can vote, black leaders are elected (first black to Congress, Hiram Revels) Johnson Impeached Johnson fights with Radicals; • Tenure of Office Act: cannot remove Cabinet appointments during the term of the president who appointed them • in turn Radicals seek a reason to impeach him Johnson tests legality—fires Secretary of War Johnson is impeached, but acquitted (not guilty) GRANT ELECTED Johnson serves out term with no real effect on policy General Grant (war hero) nominated and easily wins (election of 1868) 15th amendment—no man can be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude Plans for Reconstruction • • • • • • • • • • Radical Republicans Punish rebels by taking land Replace existing political leaders Demand that states meet strict requirements to be readmitted Provide assistance to AfricanAmericans Use military to maintain control and enforce new laws Civil Rights Act of 1866: grants full citizenship to all people born in the United States Reconstruction Act of 1867: military rule of the South, protect former slaves, bans former leaders Chance to create a more “perfect” union Passes the 13th and 14th amendments Congress should pass laws giving some land to freedmen and build schools for them • • • • • • • • President Johnson Accept verbal pledges of loyalty Require existing leaders to seek pardons from Congress Expedite the readmission process by emphasizing rejection of secession and slavery Allow states to decide on what type of assistance to give African Americans Give leniency towards the south to heal the nation’s wounds Vetoes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 For states to be readmitted—call a convention and write a new constitution, repeal secession, cancel all Confederate debts, and ratify the 13th amendment African-Americans should not be guaranteed the right to vote Review Questions 1. a. b. c. d. Which amendment became part of the Constitution because Congress feared that Southern whites might try to keep African Americans from voting? Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth 2. White Southerners who joined the Republican party a. Scalawags b. Carpetbaggers c. Copperheads d. Anacondas 3. In the Reconstruction Act of 1867, Congress set requirements for the readmission of former Confederate states into the Union. Which of the following problems did the act address? a. Southern states did not allow African Americans to vote b. Southern states had little money to pay for public works projects c. Former slaves needed education d. Confederate bonds and money were worthless 4. The Tenure of Office Act a. Was used to impeach President Johnson b. Stated the President could not remove an appointed official c. Was challenged by President Johnson when he fired his Secretary of War d. All of the above 5. How did black codes help bring about the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866? a. They convinced Congress African Americans needed federal laws to protect them b. Congress believed white Southerners needed more help rebuilding the South’s society c. The South’s economy needed the added protection against the North’s dominance d. None of the above 6. What was the Presidential approach to Reconstruction? a. To make the South’s return as easy and forgiving as possible b. To punish the South for the trouble it had caused over the last 5 years c. Force 100% of Southern voters to take an oath of allegiance d. Act as if nothing had happened to the U.S. at all 7. What were the challenges facing the country during Reconstruction? a. Had to rebuild the South’s economy b. Had to reform the South’s society c. Had to address the causes of the Civil War d. All of the above 8. Which statement BEST describes AfricanAmerican involvement in politics during Reconstruction? a. They held some offices at the local level. b. They held offices in local, state, and federal government c. They held no elected offices d. They held a majority in many Southern state legislatures