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The Furnace of Civil War 1860-1865 Bull Run Ends the 90-Day War Union army ill-prepared for battle in 1861 – Attack on smaller Confederate force at Bull Run would demonstrate superiority – Could lead to capture of Richmond if successful July 21, 1861: spectators crowded to watch – Confederate reinforcements arrived – Union troops panic and flee Bull Run, con’t Victory worse than defeat for the South – Inflated a dangerous overconfidence – Southern enlistments fell off sharply – Preparations for long conflict waned Defeat better than victory for the Union – Dispelled notion of a one-punch war – North buckled down to preparations The Peninsula Campaign Gen. George McClellan command of Army of the Potomac – Great organizer and drillmaster, but overcautious and loathe to sacrifice troops Moved to Richmond via water in 1862 – Stalled outside city by efforts of Jackson and Stuart The Seven Days’ Battles June 26-July 2, 1862 Gen. Lee launched a counterattack – Drove McClellan back to sea Results: – Lincoln abandoned McClellan as general – Had McClellan won, the union restored with minimal disruption – Lee’s win ensured that war would endure until end of slavery – Lincoln began to draft Emancipation Proclamation Union Strategy 1. Slowly suffocate South by blockading its ports 2. Liberate the slaves and undermine South’s economy 3. Cut the Confederacy in half by seizing the Mississippi 4. Chop Confederacy in pieces by sending troops through GA, SC, NC 5. Capturing Richmond 6. Try everywhere to engage Confederacy’s main strength “Anaconda Plan” Scott's Great Snake Scott's Great Snake General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. War at Sea Blockade of 3500 miles difficult at best – North converted yachts and ferryboats – Concentrated on main ports Britain recognized the blockade as that was Royal Navy’s best-used weapon Blockade-running profitable – Risks great, but high prices brought large profits Ironclads Confederacy plated sides of Merrimack with iron – Easily defeated two wooden Union ships – Threatened Union blockade March 9, 1862: Merrimack fought Union’s Monitor to a standstill – First battle-testing of ironclads spelled doom for wooden ships Pivotal Point: Antietam Lee thrust into Maryland after success of Second Bull Run – Wanted to encourage foreign intervention and seduce Border States to leaving Union 2 Union soldiers found Lee’s plan dropped by Confederate officer – Lee halted at Antietam on September 17, 1862 in bloody battle – Military draw Antietam Antietam In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Pivotal Point: Antietam Results: – London and Paris declined to help Confederacy – Lincoln launched his Emancipation Proclamation • Announced that as of January 1, 1863, slaves in rebellious states were “forever free” • Border States not affected Proclamation without Emancipation Thousands of slaves flocked to invading Union armies Goal not only to liberate slaves but to strengthen the Union’s moral cause – Ardent abolitionists said Lincoln did not do enough – Those with Southern sympathies felt he went too far – Diminished moral cause of the South Freedom to the Slave, 1863 Freedom to the Slave, 1863 This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Contraband slave group Contraband slave group A group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing, Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was still not fully determined. The faces of the women, men, and children represent the human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Blacks Battle Bondage Black enlistees accepted as manpower ran low – 180,000 served, most from slave states, with 2 full regiments from MA – Fought in 500 engagements, high casualties – Not recognized by CSA as POWs, but as slaves in rebellion Confederacy did not use black troops until end of war – Most forced to work shoring up defenses Black Troops from Company E Black Troops from Company E Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Build-up to Gettysburg Union’s McClellan replaced with Ambrose Burnside – Burnside replaced by Joe Hooker after the defeat at Fredericksburg, VA (12-13-1862) – Hooker replaced by George Meade after loss at Chancellorsville, VA (5-2 to 5-4-1863) Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Outcome in doubt until the end – Davis sent peace negotiators towards DC in hope of Confederate victory – Lincoln refused to allow them past Union lines Beginning of the end for the Southern cause A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863 A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863 (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. War in the West February 1862: Grant captures Forts Donelson and Henry – Bound Kentucky more securely to Union – Opened gateway to TN & GA April 1862: Defeated by Confederate forces at Shiloh July 4, 1863: Grant captures city of Vicksburg – Severed the spinal cord of the Confederacy – Britain stopped delivery of the Laird rams and France stopped purchase of warships for Confederacy Sherman Scorches Georgia Fall 1864: Sherman captures/burns Atlanta – Major purpose to destroy supplies destined for Confederacy and weaken moral of men by waging war on their homes – Strategy worked: Southerners deserted in droves Winter 1865: South Carolina--by-passed Charleston and burnt Columbia Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's March to the Sea Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of "bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864, destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Atlanta's Depot, 1864 Atlanta's Depot, 1864 Atlanta's depot in ruins after Sherman's siege of the city in 1864. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Politics of War Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War: late 1861 – Radical Republicans resented expansion of political power Democrats tainted by the seceders – Stephen Douglas died before war began – War Democrats supported Lincoln administration – Peace Democrats and Copperheads did not Eagle cartoon Eagle cartoon "Annihilation to Traitors," screams the American Eagle as it watches various evil and slimy creatures hatching in its nest enfolded in the American flag. Various southern secession leaders are named, some being shown as beasts, while a copperhead snake, the popular cartoon image representing northerners who sympathized with the southern cause, prepares to strike at the national symbol. The Union states are represented as healthy eggs, holding out promise for the future. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Election of 1864 Union Party – Composed of Republicans and War Democrats – Republicans temporarily did not exist – Lincoln/Johnson ticket Democrats chose McClellan Lincoln aided by series of Northern successes – Soldiers furloughed home to vote – The “Bayonet Vote” – 212 electoral votes/21 Grant Outlasts Lee 1864: Grant heads towards Richmond February 1865: Grant meets with Confederate diplomats to broker peace terms – Lincoln wanted no less than Union and emancipation April 1865: Union troops capture Richmond and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse April 9: Grant met with Lee, giving generous terms of surrender Lee with his son after the surrender Lee with his son after the surrender After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Martyrdom of Lincoln April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated at Ford’s Theater in DC – – – – John Wilkes Booth Lincoln’s death calamity for North and South Increased bitterness in North Reconstruction more brutal for the South. Why? Aftermath of the Nightmare Over 620,000 died in action or from disease – Over a million seriously injured or dead Direct costs of $15 million – Does not include continuing costs (pensions, etc) Nullification and secession laid to rest