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MS Studies
Ch. 6
Reconstruction & Transition
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After The War
• MS went from very wealthy to ruins
– Cities, roads, bridges, towns, buildings, all
were destroyed
• 1/3 of white males were killed or injured
during the war
• 400,000 freedmen (former slaves) now
existed
– Homeless, uneducated, jobless
• MS social order was gone
– Blacks Free
– Whites had hard time accepting them as
equal
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Freed Slaves
• Freedmen’s Bureau – created to
help slaves find food, shelter, work,
& assimilate to freedom.
• Rumors stated that every black
male would receive 40 acres of land
and a mule. This never happens.
• Most land confiscated during the
war was returned to the owners.
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Presidential Reconstruction
• Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
– All Southerners, except high ranking Conf.
officials, would be pardoned after signing
oath of loyalty
– 10% of people signed oath, they could
create a state gov. and be readmitted.
• Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
– Same as Lincoln’s except high ranking
military & Conf. officials and those owning
more than $20,000 worth of property were
not pardoned.
• Congress wanted tougher requirements &
pressured Johnson to add the following.
– States must repeal Secession Ordinances
– Void their War Debt
– Ratify 13th Amendment
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Lincoln & Johnson
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Constitutional Conv. 1865
• William L. Sharkey named temp.
Governor by Pres. Johnson
• MS was first to hold Conv. & everyone
was watching
• 300 men met on Aug. 14, 1865. Most
were pre-war leaders
• They created a government just like
the one before the war.
• Blacks were not given voting rights
• Most white Mississippians agreed with
this Convention.
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William Sharkey
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• Herschel
Johnson led
the state
constitutional
convention in
1865
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MS’s Post War Government
• Benjamin Humphreys elected Governor (Conf.
General)
• Most elected officials had served in the Confederate
Government & refused to grant blacks rights
• Legislature passed the Black Codes to control
blacks
– Black marriages legal, blacks could sue in court.
– Interracial marriage illegal, blacks can’t testify against
whites
– Blacks could rent or lease land in cities or towns
– Blacks had to have employment contracts and were
arrested if they broke the contract.
– Blacks could not carry firearms or weapons, and
could not assemble w/o permission
– Jailed blacks could be rented out to anyone that paid
their jail fine.
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Benjamin Humphreys
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U.S. Congress
• U.S. Congress refused to seat MS
Representatives & passed the 14th
Amendment.
– 14th Amendment guaranteed all people their
rights “white or black”
• March 2, 1867 Congress passed the
Reconstruction Act.
– South divided into 5 Military districts and
readmission to the Union was much stricter.
• MS was in the 4th district and Major Gen.
Edward O. Ord became military governor
in MS.
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14th Amendment
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Reconstruction Map
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MS During Reconstruction
• All eligible males registered to vote regardless
of race
• MS Politics included
– Democrats – White southerners that didn’t
support black rights
– Republicans – Whites and blacks that
supported black rights.
– Scalawags – Southerners that supported the
Republican Party
– Carpetbaggers – northern whites that were
Republicans and moved to MS.
• The Republican Party used their majority of
votes (black & white) to call for a new state
constitutional convention
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Carpetbagger
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Constitution of 1868
• 100 delegates. 17 black, 29 scalawags, 25
carpetbaggers, 17 Democrats
• They created the states 3rd & most democratic
constitution.
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Universal Male Suffrage granted
Free Public Education Ages 6-18
No discrimination in public transportation
Property qualification for voting or holding office eliminated.
Property rights granted to women
Disfranchises all person who supported secession and
helped Confederacy
– Whites had to sign oath stating “all men are created equal”
• This constitution failed to ratify due to the
disenfranchising clause & equality oath. These were
eliminated by Pres. Ulysses S. Grant in 1869 & the
Constitution was ratified.
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President Ulysses S. Grant
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Primary School in
Vicksburg
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Freedmen school
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Republican Rule
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Republicans ruled MS
1869 James Alcorn elected governor.
Republicans had majority in legislature
State ratified 14th & 15th amendments & was
readmitted to the Union Feb. 23, 1870.
• Hiram Revels (black) filled Jefferson Davis’
unexpired Senate term & Adelbert Ames was
elected to the other.
– Revels is the first black in the U.S. Senate
• Ames defeated Alcorn for governor in 1873
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James Alcorn
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• Aldelbert Ames
replaced James Alcorn as
governor in 1873. He was
Union General in Civil
War.
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Hiram Revels
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Adelbert Ames
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Black Political Power
• Blacks served as early as 1868 in
political roles
• 1868 Benjamin Montgomery became
justice of the peace. Believed to be first
black to hold public office in MS
• Many blacks served in the MS House
and Senate.
• A.K. Davis elected Lt. Governor in 1873
• John Lynch served as MS’s only black
member in the U.S. House of Reps.
• Blanche K. Bruce of MS was the first
black elected to the U.S. Senate and the
first to serve a full term.
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John R. Lynch
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Blanche K. Bruce
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1st African
Americans
in Congress
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Education
• Const. of 1868 created free public
schools (tax based)
• State supported them with funding and
elected a state superintendent who
appointed county superintendents.
• The following was created
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University of MS expanded 1871
Alcorn State College (black only) 1877
MS A & M (later MS State)
MS University for Women 1884
Jackson State 1877
Millsaps College 1892
Mississippi College 1892
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University of MS
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Alcorn College
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MS University for Women
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Millsaps College
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Mississippi College
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End of Republican Rule
• From the beginning of Reconstruction, white Democrats
were trying to regain political power in MS
• Those that wanted to return control of the state to the
Democrats were called Redeemers
• The election of 1875 was the turning point
– White Republicans were threatened with violence and becoming
a social outcast if they didn’t become Democrat
– Blacks were driven from voting poles with violence, or forced to
vote Democrat by their employers.
– The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was the terror group used to intimidate
voters.
• Democrats won 4 of 6 Congressional seats, and claimed
the majority in the State Congress
• Republican Senators were later replaced by Democrats
• Republican Governor Adelbert Ames was threatened w/
impeachment and resigned.
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Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
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Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
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KKK March on Washington D.C.
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Presidential Election of 1876
• Dem. Candidate Samuel Tilden & Repub.
Candidate Rutherford B. Hayes
• No candidate won a majority. Some electoral votes
were contested.
• Commission was formed to pick a winner.
• Southern Democrats used a filibuster (continuous
speechmaking to delay action) to slow the
commission.
– Democrats agreed to stop the filibuster and support
Hayes, if Hayes promised to withdraw troops from the
South
• Hayes won the election & military occupation ended
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Rutherford Hayes & Samuel Tilden
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Constitution of 1890
• MS called Constitutional convention in 1890
• MS reapportioned (redrew district lines) to give
white majorities power over black populated
areas
• Met in Jackson in Aug. 1890
• One black (Isaiah Montgomery) attended
• Constitution said
– Voters had to
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Register at least 4 months before election
Live in the state for 2 years before voting
Pay a $2 poll tax
Pass Literacy Test. Had to read any section of the state
constitution or “understand it when read to them”. This was
the understanding clause
• Black voters dropped from 142,000 to 8,615
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Isaiah Montgomery
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