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The American Civil War
What Do We Call It?
The War for Constitutional Liberty
The War for Southern Independence
The Second American Revolution
The War for States' Rights
Mr. Lincoln's War
The Southern Rebellion
The War for Southern Rights
The War of the Southern Planters
The War of the Rebellion
The Second War for Independence
The War to Suppress Yankee Arrogance
The War of Secession
The Great Rebellion
The War Against Northern Aggression
The Late Unpleasantness
The War for Nationality
The War for Southern Nationality
The War Against Slavery
The War Between the States
The War of the Sixties
The Yankee Invasion
The War for Separation
The War for Abolition
The War for the Union
The Confederate War
The Brothers' War
The War for Southern Freedom
The War of the North and South
The Lost Cause
http://www.civilwarhome.com/civilwarnames.htm
What is a civil war?
When brother fought
brother…
A civil war is a military conflict what arises from a desire
for usually radical change in society as a result of either
cultural, social, religious, political or economic disputes
due to diametrically opposed and uncompromising ideas
about the leadership, administration and management of
the population and territory it occupies, and which is
resolved through use of weapons.
What is a Civil War?
A civil war is a military conflict what arises from a
desire for usually radical change in society as a
result of either cultural, social, religious, political or
economic disputes due to diametrically opposed and
uncompromising ideas about the leadership,
administration and management of the population
and territory it occupies, and which is resolved
through use of weapons.
The opponents are usually representatives of
the same culture, society or nationality, and
contest the right for the control of political
power, and with it the right to formulate policy
for future administration of the population and
resources of the territory where the dispute
takes place.
Causes of the Civil War
Sectionalism
Culture differences
Lingering issues over constitution:
States rights
Legality of secession
Slavery
Economic differences
SECTIONALISM
Placing the interests of one’s own region ahead
of the interests of the nation as a whole.
Causes of the Civil War
Different cultures
Agricultural
-
Industrial
Lingering Issues Over Constitution
Compromises no longer working
Slavery
Missouri applied to become a state in the United
States, WITH SLAVERY BEING LEGAL.
Why is that a
problem?
Congress agreed and passed the Missouri Compromise in 1820
Fought for months in Congress
Henry Clay tried to make both regions happy by
admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a
free state.
Maine enters union with MO.
Missouri Comp
also banned slavery
north of the 36°30’
line.
Economic changes created divisions in the US – and
particularly the North and South
North depended on manufacturing and trade.
South depended on agriculture and
slavery.
Southern Population
Sequence of Events
November 6, 1860
December 20, 1860
January 9, 1861
January 10, 1861
January 11, 1861
January 19, 1861
January 26, 1861
February 23, 1861
March 4, 1861
April 13, 1861
April 17, 1861
May 6, 1861
May 20, 1861
June 8, 1861
Lincoln elected President
South Carolina secedes
Mississippi secedes
Florida secedes
Alabama secedes
Georgia secedes
Louisiana secedes
Texas secedes
Lincoln inaugurated
Fort Sumter falls
Virginia secedes
Arkansas secedes
North Carolina secedes
Tennessee secedes
Home of the American Civil War
http://www.civilwarhome.com/timeline.htm
Choosing Sides
Objectives
Union
Preserve the Union
… by force if necessary
Confederacy
Protect lifestyle
Don’t lose
How could the protagonists
obtain their objectives?
Strategy
Definitions
Strategy
A plan to employ all available resources
to achieve a goal or objective.
[working definition]
Definitions
Strategy
“the employment of the instruments (elements)
of power (political/diplomatic, economic,
military, and informational) to achieve the
political objectives of the state in cooperation
or in competition with other actors pursuing
their own objectives. “
US Army War College
Quoted by H. Richard Yarger
“Toward a Theory of Strategy”
Definitions
Strategy
“the employment of the instruments (elements)
of power (political/diplomatic, economic,
military, and informational) to achieve the
political objectives of the state in cooperation
or in competition with other actors pursuing
their own objectives. “
US Army War College
Quoted by H. Richard Yarger
“Toward a Theory of Strategy”
Definitions
Strategy
“the employment of the instruments (elements)
of power (political/diplomatic, economic,
military, and informational) to achieve the
political objectives of the state in cooperation
or in competition with other actors pursuing
their own objectives. “
US Army War College
Quoted by H. Richard Yarger
“Toward a Theory of Strategy”
Elements of National Power
Diplomacy
Communication
Military
Economic
Resolve
Elements of National Power
Diplomacy
Union
• Established relationships
• Experienced diplomatic corps
• Abolitionist stand favored by European nations
Confederacy
• Sympathy of revolutionary countries (France)
• Support of trading partners (France and Britain)
Elements of National Power
Communications
Union
• Extensive rail system
• Telegraph
Confederacy
• Extensive river system
• Telegraph
Elements of National Power
Military
Union
• Established organization ( + / - )
• Strong central control
• Larger manpower pool ( 22 million vs. 6 million [free] )
• Stronger navy
Confederacy
• Best generals
• Interior lines
• Easier task
Elements of National Power
Economics
Union
• Established industrial base
• Manpower pool
• Financial strength
• Merchant shipping
Confederacy
• Trading Relationships with Europe
Elements of National Power
Resolve
Union
• Strong abolitionist feelings, but …
not universal
• Strong resolve to preserve Union
Confederacy
• Very strong beliefs in their cause
• Fighting on their own ground to protect way of life
Elements of National Power
(Pre-war assessment)
Union
Diplomacy
X
Communications
x
Military
x
Economics
X
Resolve
Confederacy
X
Elements of National Power
A Contemporary Assessment
The North can make a steam-engine, locomotive or railway car;
hardly a yard of cloth or a pair of shoes can you make. You are
rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously
mechanical and determined people on earth--right at your doors.
You are bound to fail. Only in your spirit and determination are you
prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared. . . . At first
you will make headway, but as your limited resources begin to fail,
and shut out from the markets of Europe by blockade as you will be,
your cause will begin to wane.
William Tecumseh Sherman
To a Southern acquaintance prior to the war
Elements of National Power
Grand Strategies
Union
Confederacy
• Isolate the South
• Defend territory
• Subdue the rebellion with
minimum animosity
• Gain international legitimacy
• Rebuild the Union to
preclude future dissolution
• Wear down the Union
Military Strategies
Union
The Anaconda Plan
Proposed by General Winfield Scott
• Blockade the Confederate ports & coast
• Split the Confederacy along the
Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers
• Capture the Confederate capital
Military Strategies
Union
The Anaconda Plan
Wikipedia (public domain)
Union Strategy
Public Broadcasting System
Military Strategies
Confederacy
?
Military Strategies
Confederacy
Use advantage of interior lines
to defend home territory
Interior Lines
Military Strategies
Confederacy
Use advantage of interior lines
to defend home territory
Employ commerce raiders to
disrupt Union shipping
Defeat the Union army
in a decisive battle
And so, the war began …
The last war of the 18th century …
… or the first war of the 20th century?
Petersburg VA 1865