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The Civil War 18611865 Why a Civil War? After the election of 1860, Southerners were convinced that the Republican party and President Lincoln were going to strip away their freedoms (increase tariffs some more and end slavery). Southern States believed since they freely joined the Union, they could freely leave the Union (secede). Lincoln saw secession as unacceptable. These were the United States. If any state could leave then the United States could cease to exist. South Carolina seceded first in December 1860, three months before Lincoln even became president. Other states of the lower south seceded one month later. These states quickly formed the Confederate States of America and named Jefferson Davis as their president. THE WAR BEGINS!! Fort Sumter: On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on a federal fort in Charleston, S. C. When Lincoln called for an increase in federal troops(a draft), the upper south (VA, NC, TN and AK) seceded and joined the Confederacy. The “border” states remained with the Union even though slavery was legal there. The Nation Divided The North: The Union, The South: The Confederacy, Yankee, The Blue Rebels, The Grey 1. Who had more men for troops, north or the south? ____________ 2. Which side had access to more guns and cannons? _________ 3. Which side, union or confederacy, was able to move more troops more quickly than the other? _______________ 4. Which side, union or confederacy, had scarcer resources to wage war? _______________ 5. According to the chart, which side should have won the war pretty quickly?____________ 6. So why did it take five years? The Capital of the Confederacy! The original capital of the confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama. When Virginia joined the Confederacy, Richmond was made its capital. Why have the Confederate capital so close to the federal Capital? What is this a picture of in Richmond? Northern War Aims: 1. Blockade southern ports. Why? To cut off their trade to Europe which would hurt the confederacy’s finances. 2. Cut the Confederacy in half by gaining control of the Miss. River. 3. Send troops into GA and the Carolinas and separate it from the Upper South. 4. Out man southern forces with a superior number of Union troops. 5. Hurt economy by freeing slaves. 6. Capture the capital of Richmond. The Union, or north, had the ability to do all of these, so why did it take so long to win the war? A different kind of war: modern machinery and old school tactics made the Civil War the costliest war (in terms of dead) ever. “Rifled” barrels meant bullets could fly farther and with more accurate shots. Larger cannons meant more dead on the battle field. Ironclads – ships made out of metal! The Monitor vs. the Merrimac – first battle between two ironclad ships took at the mouth of the James River between Hampton and Norfolk. There were hundreds of battles during the Civil War. Why were so many of them in Virginia? The first real battle of the Civil War happened in Manassas, Virginia at the Battle of Bull Run. The north should have won, but superior leadership during the battle produced a Confederate victory, just a few miles from Washington DC, the Union capita. Northerners were horrified. Battle: Antietam 9/17/62 Maryland battle won by the North but again with a high price (23,000 casualties). Union Gneeral George McClellan defeats Lee’s forces, however, believing that he doesn’t have the advantage, McClellan allows Lee’s troops to slip away back across the Potomac into Virginia. Nonetheless, the Union victory allows Lincoln to issue his Emancipation. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation What did the Proclamation do? A. It kept Great Britain from becoming an ally with the South. The South hoped Great Britain would become it’s ally since England depended on the South’s cotton. England’s industrial economy was built on turning cotton in fabric (textile mills). However, England was also very much against slavery. By issuing the Proclamation, there was now no chance that Great Britain would become a Confederate ally. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation B. It freed slaves in Confederate states and only when the Union army was in control of that area. C. It allowed free blacks to enlist in the Union army. (F Douglass’ idea) D. It did not end slavery or free any slaves in the border states. Why did Lincoln exempt the border states from his Emancipation Proclamation? Because they would have joined the Confederacy!!!! Carousel of Generals Why did it take so long for the Union to win the war. The answers lays with its inept military leadership. After Antietam, Lincoln fired George McClellan. He replaced him with General Burnside who made a tactical error at Fredericksburg (Dec., 1862) costing the Union thousands of lives. Of the 17,000 casualties, over 12,000 were Union. Lincoln then replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker who was thoroughly defeated at Chancellorsville, VA, May 1863. The only positive for the Union was that Stonewall Jackson was shot and killed by one of his own men. Lincoln replaced Hooker General George Meade. Siege of Vicksburg 5/22/63-7/4/63 (47 days): now the Union controlled the Mississippi River! Ulysses S Grant’s victory causes Lincoln to make him his top general in the eastern theater. Gettysburg: 7/1/63-7/3/63 Union Army pushes Lee’s army back to VA Lee’s army of Northern Virginia “invades” the north. The defeat of southern forces in this small Pennsylvania town is the turning point of the war. Now the Union army is on the offensive Gettysburg: 51,000 dead. Gettysburg Address, Nov. 19, 1863: Invoking the words of the Declaration of Independence, Lincoln went to Gettysburg to say a few words in honor of the men who had died there: “Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. “Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. . It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us— that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Sherman And the March from Atlanta Union General to the Sea William T. Sherman wanted ruin their supplies. Having control of the western theater, Sherman marched his men to Atlanta, then to Columbia, SC and then on to Savannah burning everything in their path! The term “total war” came from this tactic. It means that in war, everyone and everything is fair game, including civilians. General Ulysses S. Grant went on the offensive in Virginia. He was defeated by Lee at the Battle of the Wilderness (again near Fredericksburg) and he lost 7000 men in thirty minutes at the Battle of Cold Harbor. Still, Grant outfoxed Lee by making a move towards Richmond. When Lee went to protect Richmond, Grant headed to his real objective, Petersburg. The siege of Petersburg lasted for nine months and ended on April 2, 1865. Confederate forces pulled out of Petersburg and Richmond. What city is, or should I say was, this? Robert E Lee tried to keep the Confederate Army together after Petersburg and Richmond fell to the Union Army. Lee and his men escaped, but Lee knew it was over. On April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. The war was finally over. Union: 360,000 dead and 275,000 wounded. Confederates: 258,000 dead & 100,000 wounded. The war was over, but had it really changed anything? Life during the Civil War 1. While many men did die due to the lack of sanitation in hospitals, more and more were surviving horrific wounds. Thousands of amputees survived thanks to improved medical techniques. 2. Women in the north and the south ran businesses, plantations or family farms. Life during the Civil War 3. The nursing profession began during the Civil War. Women were invaluable in the hospitals and recovery centers. Life during the Civil War 4. Outside the battlefield, Civil War soldiers were bored and fairly hungry. How do we know this? Letters to loved ones and diaries still exist and the feelings of loneliness and boredom are mention in many of them.