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Chapter 22 “The Ordeal of Reconstruction” 4 Questions that had to be addressed post-war 1. 2. 3. 4. How will the South be reconstructed? How would liberated slaves be dealt with in the South? How would Southern states be readmitted to the Union? Who would direct the process of reconstruction? Aftermath of Civil War ► The Southern way of life was ruined, as crops and farms were destroyed, the slaves were now free, and the cities were bombed out, but still, some Southerners remained defiant. Atlanta Depot, after Sherman's departure Freedom For Former Slaves Confusion after war in regard to freedom for slaves. Some plantation owners resisted. ► Eventually all plantation owners had to give up their slaves, and afterwards tens of thousands of Blacks took to the roads to find new work or look for lost loved ones. ► Emancipation also meant education for Blacks, but despite all the gains Blacks made, they still faced severe discrimination and would have to wait a century before attaining their rights ► Sharecropping © 1999 by Addison Wesley Longman Sharecropping Dorthea Lange Sharecroppers Source: Schomburg Collection, New York Public Library A Thirteen Year Old Sharecropper Boy Plowing A Field, Near Americus, Georgia Freedmen "Group of Freedmen, Richmond, Va." Shows a black family and men seated along the canal with the ruins in the background. Freedmen’s Bureau ► ► ► ► In order to train the newly freed slaves, the Freedman’s Bureau was set up on March 3, 1865; Union General Oliver O. Howard headed it Provided food, clothing, education and medicine to newly freed slaves Greatest success seen in the field of education Johnson Vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau numerous times. Congress always overrode his veto Freedmen’s Bureau School Post-War Difficulties For Freedmen Andrew Johnson ► ► ► ► Became President after the death of Lincoln Former Democrat from the Confederate state of Tennessee who was the only southern Congressman to refuse to secede with his state Chosen by Lincoln as VP in 1864 because of the need for border state votes Essentially a no-win situation for Johnson because he was a Southern slave-owning Democrat at a time when there were very few Democrat in Congress Lincoln’s 10% Plan for Reconstruction ► Once ten percent of a southern state's 1860 voters had taken an oath of loyalty, the state could rejoin the Union. ► "With malice toward none, with charity for all" ► “Technically speaking since secession was illegal southern states did not really secede.” Wade-Davis Congressional Reconstruction Believed the South should be punished for starting the war and hoped to protect the rights of Freedmen (former slaves). ► A bill that required 50% of the states’ voters to take oaths of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than the 10% Plan, through Congress. ► Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill by letting it expire, and the 10% Plan stayed ► Johnson’s 10% Plan For Reconstruction Recognition of Lincoln’s 10% Plan 2. Called for special state conventions to repeal the Confederate states ordinances of secession 3. Repudiation of all Confederate debts 4. Ratification of 13th Amendment – freedom for slaves ► Republicans were furious with Johnson’s easy terms for South ► Pardoned many Confederates 1. Radical Republicans The Radicals, a faction of the regular Republican Party, came into prominence on the national level after 1860 ► They supported immediate emancipation and led the fight for ratification of the 13th Amendment ► During the war, the Radicals were critical of Abraham Lincoln, a member of their own party. The chief complaints about the president were that: ► Lincoln had thwarted the emancipation efforts of two of his military commanders, John C. Frémont and David Hunter Lincoln had (initially) opposed the use of black soldiers in the Union Army Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan was too lenient Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Black Codes ► In order to control the newly freed slaves, many Southern states passed Black Codes, laws aimed at keeping the African-American population in submission; some were harsh, others were not as harsh ► The codes forbade African-Americans from serving on a jury and some even barred them from renting or leasing land, and African-Americans could be punished for “idleness” by being subjected to working on a chain gang Post-War Congressional Situation ► ► ► In December, 1865, when many of the Southern states came to be reintegrated into the Union, among them were former Confederates and Democrats, and most Republicans were disgusted to see their former enemies on hand to reclaim seats in Congress. Northerners now realized that the South would be stronger politically than before, since now, Blacks counted for a whole person instead of just 3/5 of one, and Republicans also feared that the Northern and Southern Democrats would join and take over Congress and the White House and institute their Black Codes over the nation, defeating all that the Civil War gained Republicans enjoyed the power that they possessed during the war and wanted to keep it for as long as possible The Balance of Power in Congress State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 MS 353,000 436,000 LA 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 Johnson v. Congress Vetoed the Freeman’s Bureau many times ► Vetoed the Civil Rights Bill , which conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes. ► As Republicans gained control of Congress, they overrode Johnson’s vetoes by passing the bills over his veto through a 2/3 majority ► Urged the Southern states to reject the 14th Amendment ► th 14 1. 2. 3. 4. ► ► ► ► Amendment Citizenship for African-Americans Reduction in Representation in the House if state denied African-Americans the right to vote Disqualified Confederate leaders from holding office Repudiation of the Confederate war debt Congress said that states could be readmitted to the Union upon ratification of the 14th Amendment. Johnson urged states to reject the amendment All Confederates states except Tennessee rejected Tennessee ratified the amendment and was rewarded with immediate statehood. Reconstruction Act of 1867 ► 1. 2. 3. During the 1866 Congressional elections the Radical Republicans won a majority in Congress. Now Reconstruction could go their way. Divided the 10 Confederate states (minus Tennessee) into 5 military districts controlled by a Union general and the U.S. Army Required ratification of the 14th Amendment Excluded any Confederate general or soldier or anyone who served in the Confederacy from voting or holding office Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. * Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts. Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment ►Freedom for slaves 14th Amendment ►Citizenship for African-American men 15th Amendment ►Voting rights for African-American men **Women suffrage advocates were disappointed by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, since they didn’t give women full suffrage African-Americans Politically ► African-American men also began to hold political offices, as men like Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce served in Congress (they represented Mississippi). Blanche K. Bruce Hiram Revels Carpetbaggers ► Northerners who wanted to take advantage of political opportunity and traveled South to win elections Scalawags ► Southerners who refused to support the Confederacy Impeachment of Johnson ► ► ► ► ► ► Radicals were angry with President Johnson, and they decided to try to get rid of him. In 1867, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which provided that the president had to secure the consent of the Senate before removing his appointees once they had been approved by the Senate (one reason was to keep Edwin M. Stanton, a Republican spy, in office). When Johnson dismissed Stanton early in 1868, the Republicans impeached him Johnson was not allowed to testify by his lawyers, who argued that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and Johnson was acting under the Constitution, not the law. On May 16, 1868, Johnson was acquitted of all charges by a single vote, as seven Republican senators with consciences voted “not-guilty” (interestingly, those seven never secured a political office against afterwards). Die-hard radicals were infuriated by the acquittal, but many politicians feared establishing a precedence of removing the president through impeachment The Purchase of Alaska ► ► In 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward bought Alaska from Russia to the United States for $7.2 million, but most of the public jeered his act as “Seward’s Folly.” Only later, when oil and gold were discovered, did Alaska prove to be a huge bargain Goldmine in Alaska Alaskan Pipeline ► The 800-mile-long Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is one of the largest pipeline systems in the world. It stretches from Prudhoe Bay on Alaska’s North Slope, through rugged and beautiful terrain, to Valdez, the northernmost ice-free port in North America. Since pipeline startup in 1977, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, the operator of TAPS, has successfully transported over 15 billion barrels of oil. Alaskan Salmon Fate of Reconstruction ► Many Southerners regarded Reconstruction as worse than the war itself, as they resented the upending of their social and racial system ► The Republicans, though with good intentions, failed to improve the South, and the fate of Blacks would remain bad for almost another century before the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s secured Black privileges