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Thought of the Wednesday, May 24, 2017 Day Reconstruction (1865-1877), the period that followed the American Civil War, is perhaps the most controversial era in American history. During the process of Reconstruction many Northern politicians known as Radical Republicans wanted to show no mercy toward the South. These men wanted to punish the South for seceding and for supporting slavery. If you were a Northern legislator, would you rule and rebuild the South while punishing them, or would you show mercy? Why? Schedule: TOTD Unit V Test Return Review The War is Over! Now what… Notes p 24 Unit 6 Terms Thursday 12/5 Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction was based on forgiveness. He thus issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863. Following Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, the disagreements over the postwar reconstruction policy led to a heated battle between the next president, Andrew Johnson, and Congress. What do you think is going to be the biggest problem? TOTD Reconstruction Research P24 Notes Unit VI Terms Friday 12/6 You are now familiar with the Reconstruction plans proposed by Lincoln, the Radical Republicans and President Johnson. Which one do you think was the most logical at the time and why? Agenda: Radical Repubs Notes p24-25 Unit VI Terms Rebuilding -Had to rebuild everything How do we…? -Political – Decide how to accept 11 states back in Union -criteria? -representation? -punishments? Reconstruction: 1865-1877 What does the US do now? -Social – promote freedom and civil rights to freed slaves -Economic – rebuild the southern economy PAGE 24 Notes Lincoln’s Plan -Preserve Union -Higher Cause -forgiving peace -”with malice toward none, with charity for all” -amnesty to most -10% must take oath - if 10% of state’s voters swear loyalty to Union, they would be accepted back -little mention of former slaves Radical Plan -Radical Republicans – believed in punishing the South -Thaddeus Stevens -Charles Sumner -Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 –proposed by Senator Wade & Representative Henry Winter Davis. harsher plan Confiscating CSA land for freedmen martial law – military rule majority takes oath – bars former leaders from office • required 50 % of a state’s white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union. • states were required to allow blacks the right to vote. • Lincoln pocket vetoed it Stevens: •Major opponent of slavery •Main Radical Republican in Congress Sumner: •Senator from Massachusetts. •Leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans Lincoln Assassinated -John Wilkes Booth “THE SOUTH IS AVENGED” -Andrew Johnson is President -tried to follow Lincoln’s plan with additions -13th Amendment – Abolishes slavery (1865- Lincoln was alive to see this go through!) -Congress refuses plan – Johnson’s plan was too moderate -South tries to reorganize under Lincoln’s plan Southern Politics -Black Codes Laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans -many of the same leaders elected to office -blacks denied most rights Limited employment opportunities Prohibited ownership of property Vagrancy laws -many people of the Union saw little change and began to question the outcome of the war Power Struggle -Congress refuses to admit new southern delegates -Congress passes Civil Right Act of 1866 over a Johnson veto – 14th amendment: Grants citizenship rights and equal protection of laws It was bitterly disputed, particularly by Southern states, which were forced to ratify it in order to return their delegations to Congress. -superseded state laws -guaranteed civil rights -Congress bypasses Johnson to achieve equal rights -14th Amendment – 1868: It set criteria for readmitted states States would lose representation if they refused blacks the vote -Refused office holding of former confederate leaders -Radicals control Congress after 1866 elections with large majority Radical Reconstruction -Reconstruction Act of 1867 Aka: The Military Reconstruction Act -laid out a process for readmitting the South • Created as a way for RR’s in Congress to punish the southern states that & ensure rights for the free blacks in the South • The first military commanders had unlimited power. • required the southern states to elect new government officials -override the President -military rule of South – divided into 5 regions -protect former slaves • the bill reduced the secessionist states to conquered territory • dividing them into five military districts (except TN. They had ratified the 14th and was readmitted • each governed by a Union general-had power to appoint/remove state officials •Congress declared martial law in the territories, dispatching troops to keep the peace and protect former slaves. •Voters were to be registered • all freedmen were to be included as well as those white men who took an extended loyalty oath •state constitutional conventions w/ new officials, were to draft new governing documents providing for black male suffrage •States were required to ratify the 14th Amendment prior to readmission. Johnson’s vetoes of these measures were overridden by Congress New Government -Scalawags – any Southerner who supported the federal plan of Reconstruction after the Civil War or who joined with the black freedman. -most were middleclass men -Carpetbaggers – Northerners who moved to the South for economic gains --Southerners viewed them as opportunists looking to exploit and profit from the region's misfortunes–supported the Republican Party, and would play a central role in shaping new southern governments during Reconstruction. -African Americans can vote -Black leaders elected (especially in Wilmington, NC) -some corruption Johnson Impeached -Johnson fights with Radicals -RRs seek to impeach & pass the -Tenure of Office Act – says President must ask Congress before firing certain govt officials (ones hired by previous presidents) -Johnson tests the legality of Act – fires his Secretary of State (Stanton) -Johnson impeached but acquitted House Republicans, tired of presidential vetoes that blocked Military Reconstruction impeached him w/a vote of: 126–47 for violating the Tenure of Office Act. … Grant Elected -Johnson serves out term with no real effect on policy -General Grant is nominated and wins election easily -15th Amendment – protects voters on basis of race, color or previous condition of servitude - States use literacy tests to disenfranchise black voters