* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File
Survey
Document related concepts
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Mississippi in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Issues of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era wikipedia , lookup
Carpetbagger wikipedia , lookup
Reconstruction era wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877 The Tasks at hand – How would the south be rebuilt – How would the liberated Blacks be converted to free citizens – How would southern states be reintegrated into the Union – Who would direct reconstruction, the southern states, the President or Congress – What to do with confederate leaders? Problems of Peace • Economic and Social structure of the south is destroyed • Key Southern cities were devastated, (Charleston, Savannah, Richmond) • Banking system had collapsed under run-away inflation. • Factories were destroyed Problems of Peace • Transportation system completely broken down • Agriculture, major economic force of the south, totally collapsed. • Southern rich were suddenly much poorer. • Many Southerners were beaten but still defiant and were not yet emotionally prepared to reintegrate with the north. Fate of “freedmen” • Freedmen = blacks after the war • South ignores the EofP. • Slaves in a tricky position, some remained loyal, some joined and helped union army Fate of Freedmen • South eventually accepts EofP • Black Exodus 18781880 • Leave the deep south, flood to Kansas Church and School • Church = center (focus) of black community • Huge increases in membership for Black Baptists, African Methodist Episcopal Church Church and School • Previously denied educational rights becomes a focus • Problem- no qualified black teachers • American Missionary Movement- northern women who take teaching positions Freedmen’s Bureau • Established in 1865 • Basically a welfare agency • Provide food, clothes, medical care, education • Headed by Oliver Howard • Success in education • Failure in economic opportunity • Supposed to give freedmen 40 acres from ex confederate ldrs, but often worked with locals to either expel blacks, or force them to sign unfair contracts Andrew Johnson “Old Andy” • Humble background • Man of the poor, against aristocracy • Congressmen of Tennessee, refused to secede with the state. • Selected to be the vice presidentneeded War democrat votes, and attractive to southern elements • No friends = Southerner who didn’t understand the N, South distrusted him, democrat not accepted by Reps. • Advocated States’ rights, and the Constitution • Hothead, stubborn Presidential Reconstruction • Abe “10% reconstruction plan” • 10% of votes must take oath of allegiance to US, and promise to abide by emancipation • Then set up new state government Wade Davis Bill • Republicans worried that Abe’s plan will just recreate same problems • WDB-50% of state voters take oath • Abe vetoes bill Division Among Republicans • Abe- south never legally withdrew from the Union • Most in congress felt south left union, forfeited rights as republican states • Should be treated as conquered provinces, only to be readmitted on terms made by congress Division Among Republicans • Moderate Republicans – agree with Abe, reconstruction should be swift and simple • Radical Republicans (minority)- south should be painfully punished for their sins, punish aristocracy, uproot social order, federal protection for freedmen Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction • Johnson agreed with Lincoln’s 10% plan. Recognized several 10% governments. • Introduced his plan 8/1865. – Disenfranchised southerners with property over $20,000. – They could petition him for a pardon – called for special state conventions • to repeal declarations of secession, • repudiating confederate debts and • ratifying 13th Amendment prohibiting slavery Black Codes • Johnson supported governments pass black codes • Ensure second class citizenship • Keep stable and subservient labor force • Done to keep race relations the same as before the ACW Black codes • Eventually repealed • Still no economic gains • Most forced to do sharecropping ( poor whites as well) • “Debt slavery” • Most slaves worked for former masters Congressional Reconstruction • Dec 1865- many ex confederate leaders return to office • Alexander Stephens – ex vice president • Reps are outraged, enjoyed a democrat free congress • Passed, Morrill Tariff, Pacific Railroad Act, and Homestead act Congressional Reconstruction • • • • South grows stronger No more 3/5ths clause 12 more votes in HOR 12 more electoral college votes • Major problem- S. Demos could work together with N. Demos and restore the nation to pre ACW days Johnson clashes with Congress • Feb 1866 Johnson vetoed bill to extend life of Freemen’s Bureau (later repealed) • March 1866- Civil Rights Bill- blacks get citizenship • AJ vetoes it, congress overrides the veto • “Andy Veto” “Sir Veto” Civil Rights Bill • 14th amendment – Conferred Civil Rights except the vote on Freedmen. – Reduced representation in Congress of states that did not give the freedmen the vote. – Disqualified from federal and state office former confederates who had previously sworn oath to Const. of the US and, thus, had violated it. – Repudiated the confederate debt. – Extended Due Process to all citizens. • Johnson tells southern states to reject it • “Sinful 11” only Tennessee accepts it initially Southern Song – “And I don’t want no pardon for what I was or am, I won’t be reconstructed and I don’t give a damn” Johnson’s Back-firing Campaign • 1866 Johnson and Congress battle over whether reconstruction would continue with or without the 14th Amendment. • The battle-ground became the Congressional elections. – Johnson hoped for a majority in favor of his soft approach. – Republicans sought a congress that was vetoproof. • Johnson goes on a “give-‘em-hell” campaign swing to try to marshal votes. Johnson’s Back-firing Campaign • People don’t react well, heckle him • Not the best speech writer • “You be damned” “Don’t get mad Andy” • Lost all respect, drinking problems resurface • Republicans get 2/3rds majority in both houses Swing Around the Circle Republican Principles and Programs • Reps have veto proof congress • Still spilt between moderates and radicals • Radicals led by Charles Sumner in the Senate and Thaddeus Stevens in the house. Goals of the Radicals and Moderates • Radicals – Keep southern states out as long as possible – Use federal power to bring about drastic social and economic transformation • Moderates – Honor states’ rights and self government – Prefer policies that restrain the states from affecting citizens’ rights • Both agree on enfranchising African Americans Reconstruction by the Sword • Reconstruction Act 1876 – Divided the south into 5 military districts – Temporarily disenfranchised many southerners—10,000 – Stringent conditions for the readmission of the seceded states – States required to ratify Fourteenth Amendment to come back in – State constitutions must guarantee vote for slaves – Stopped short of giving blacks land or requiring education. Reconstruction by the Sword • Black suffrage is biggest dagger to the south • Shows Moderates influence • States have to accept black suffrage before reentering the union • Radicals still worried about possible amendments made to state constitutions • 15th Amendment 1870- suffrage for all adult males Reconstruction by the Sword • 1870 all south state govts adopt new constitutions • “blue bellies” stayed until new republican regimes are established • South called them radical regimes • Federal troops leave, “Redeemers” (or homerule) take over governments • Usually democratic- called the “solid south” What about the ladies • Huge for abolition movement • Woman’s Loyal Leaguepetitioned congress to pass amendment for abolition • Stanton and Anthony fought against 14th amendment and 15th • Frederick Douglas saidthis was the “Negro's hour” Realities of Recon. In the South • S. blacks organize politically • Union League- pro-Union organization in the N. • Turned into political club, educating members in civic duties, later went to establishing schools and churches Realities of Recon. In the South • 14 Black Congressmen; 2 Black Senators. Height of black political power until mid 20th Century 1868-1876 • Former masters are pissed • Whites who help blacks are called • Scalawags- southerners • Carpetbaggersnortherners, who come to the south to make financial gains The “New South” • Public schools start getting money • Taxes = public works • Property rights for women • Some corruption in new governments Ku Klux Klan • 1866 in Ten. • KKK (Invisible Empire of the South) • Used intimidation, fear and force to get upstart Blacks and carpetbaggers to get back in their place. • Undermined the civil rights given to blacks. Ku Klux Klan Congress passes Force Acts of 1870, 71 By this time the KKK is an established secret society 1890- disfranchisement of blacks is underway – Literacy Test – Poll Taxes – Grandfather clause Johnson and Impeachment • Radical reps sick of the “drunken tailor” • Tenure of Office Act 1867president has to secure the consent of the Senate before h could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body • Done to keep Stanton as sec. of war Johnson and Impeachment • • • • Johnson dismissed Stanton Impeachment passes in the HOR Doesn’t pass in Senate, 1 vote short Why – Fears of creating a destabilizing precedent – Most hate potential replacement Benjamin Wade • Johnson promises to stop vetoing everything Purchase of Alaska • Russians want to sell it – Could bring war to Great Britain – Land has been over furred • Sec. of State Seward agrees to purchase for 7.2 Mil in 1867. Dubbed Seward’s Folly. • Russia also was a friend to N. during the ACW • “Frigidia, Walrussia, Seward’s Polar Bear Garden” Heritage of Reconstruction • South resents N. for trying to change it’s social and economic standing • Shows nobody really thought about post war results • Despite republican efforts, the old south was in many ways resurrected not reconstructed