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Civil War
Reasons for the Civil War
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Northerners
Opposed states’
rights
Favored nationalism
Against the expansion
of slavery
Favored a protective
tariff to protect its
early industries
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Southerners
Supported states’
rights
Favored sectionalism
Supported the
continuation of slavery
Opposed a protective
tariff due to higher
priced manufactured
goods (imported)
Factors Impacting the Civil War
• The southern economy
differed greatly from the
Union’s economy
• The Union enjoyed a
numerical and industrial
superiority that proved too
difficult for the
Confederacy to overcome
• The war lasted 4 years
taking the lives of 821,000
American soldiers
* See comparison chart
provided by the teacher
Lincoln’s Emergency Powers
• Lincoln increased the
executive powers due to the
national crisis of the Civil War
• He suspended the right of
habeas corpus in some states
throughout the war (the
Constitution allows this in times
of emergency)
• Habeas corpus – refers to the
right of those imprisoned to be
informed of the charges
against them; a judge
determines if the prisoner is
being legally held in custody
• Confederate
sympathizers
(northerners who
opposed Lincoln’s
effort to keep the Union
together) could be held
without trial and without
a judge’s ruling
• Over 13,000
Confederate
sympathizers were
arrested in the Union
Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln was waiting on a Union
victory to issue this
proclamation which would
change the entire purpose of
the war
• It stated that all slaves in the
areas in rebellion to the U.S.
would be free as of Jan. 1,
1863
• It did not free any of the slaves
but did lead to the passing of
the 13th Amendment which did
outlaw slavery in the U.S.
Purpose of Emancipation
Proclamation
• To encourage slaves to flee to the
north during the war (Lincoln knew
that fewer Confederate soldiers
would serve in the war if their labor
source disappeared and
agricultural production would
decline)
• To weaken the Confederate war
effort
• To strengthen the Union goals in
the Civil War by turning the war into
an effort to abolish slavery (a new
Union goal)
• The number of runaway slaves
grew forcing the southern
states to devote some of its
troops to keeping slaves from
leaving
• The Union began to allow
African Americans to join the
army – few of them served in
combat positions but more
than 150,000 were used to
perform many of the
supporting positions freeing up
more soldiers to fight
• This greatly increased the
manpower of the Union (and
helped them win the war)
Election of 1864
• Lincoln won a close election by
defeating George C. McClellan
• The fall of Atlanta provided
evidence that the Union was
nearing a victory in the war
• When Lincoln won, the
Confederates knew they had lost
• Lincoln was not going to
compromise with the southern
states and they could not last
another four years of military
combat
• The political and military leaders
of the Union and the Confederacy
Key Civil
represented the differences in the
War Leaders beliefs and values of the two
areas
• Northern leaders – believed it was
illegal for the southern states to
secede from the Union and
viewed them as outlaws not
citizens of another country
• Southern leaders – put loyalty to
their home state above everything
else and fought for the protection
* See Key Leaders
of their homes and property
chart provided by the
teacher
(some did not support secession)
Key Battles of the Civil War
• ANTIETAM – (September, 1862)
Lee attacked the Union forces at
Antietam Creek (MD) in the first
major battle on northern soil;
deadliest one day of the war
(over 26,000 casualties)
It ended in a draw when Lee’s
troops retreated and Union
troops (who outnumbered the
Confederates 2 to1) did not
pursue them into Virginia;
Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation after this battle that
Lee failed to win
• GETTYSBURG – (April, 1863)
Lee invaded PA and was
attacked by the Union troops
in the bloodiest battle of the
war (51,000 killed); the battle
lasted three days and
discouraged Britain and
France from helping the
Confederates
After this battle, Lee abandoned
his plan to invade the Union
territory
It is considered the turning point
of the war (along with
Vicksburg)
• VICKSBURG – May-July, 1863
Grant placed a siege on
Vicksburg to gain control of
the Mississippi River travel in
that region
After a 7 week siege, Vicksburg
surrendered to Grant and
gave control of the
Mississippi River to the Union
which was a major northern
goal in the war
It split the Confederacy and cut
off some states from supplies
and troops
Considered the turning point in
the war (with Gettysburg)
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
• ATLANTA – July-September,
1864
During his famous “March to the
Sea,” Gen. William Sherman
besieged Atlanta for 6 weeks
before taking control of this
manufacturing and railway center
for the Confederates
He burned Atlanta to the ground
then marched on to the Atlantic
burning everything in his path
The Union began to realize they
were winning the war and this
helped Lincoln get elected in 1864
Gettysburg
Address
• November, 1863 (4 months after the
battle)
• At a dedication service for a
cemetery at Gettysburg
• Lincoln’s two minute speech is
considered one of the greatest in the
English language
• It helped to boost spirits of the north
who had grown weary of the war and
discouraged by southern numerous
victories
• It helped to sway popular opinion in
favor of preserving the Union as
Lincoln spoke of the U.S. as an
indivisible nation
Lincoln’s
Second
Inaugural
Address
Lincoln said the war
had been fought to
preserve the Union as
an indivisible nation of
citizens who would no
longer profit from the
labor of unpaid slaves
• Followed Lincoln’s reelection in
1864
• Union victory was certain and
slavery would be abolished
• Lincoln
– Expressed sorrow that the states
had not settled their differences
peacefully
– Stated that slavery was such an evil
that the North was right to have
fought to abolish it
– Urged Americans not to seek
revenge on the Confederates
– Recommended a lenient
reconstruction of the south into the
Union
Appomattox Court House
• Lee surrendered to
Grant to end the Civil
War
• The surrender terms
were very lenient
• Confederates were
allowed to keep their
own weapons and
horses and return to
their homes
Lincoln’s
Assassination
• April 14, 1865 – John
Wilkes Booth (a
Confederate
sympathizer) shot
Lincoln in Ford’s theater
and he died shortly after
• It occurred just 5 days
after Lee’s surrender