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Chapter 15
Crucible of Freedom: Civil
War
1861-1865
Introduction
Immediately after Fort Sumter’s fall,
volunteers flocked to the Union and
Confederate armies
Filled with loyalty and patriotism for
their respective sides, neither soldiers
nor politicians foresaw the long, bloody
war ahead
As the Civil War dragged on and on
both the Union and Confederate govts.
were forced to impose the draft and
adopt other policies
One out of every 5 soldiers who fought died
Introduction (cont.)
Most important
the Union, which entered the War
with no objective beyond stopping
secession, discovered that in order to
win the war it also had to emancipate
the slaves
Introduction (cont.)
1.) What advantages did each
combatant, Union and
Confederate, possess at the start
of the Civil War?
2.) How successfully did the govts.
and economies of the North and
South respond to the pressures of
war?
Introduction (cont.)
3.) How did the issue of
emancipation transform the war?
4.) What factors determined the
military outcome of the war?
5.) In what lasting ways did the
Civil War change the United States
as a nation?
Mobilizing for War
Recruitment and Conscription
North and South alike were
unprepared for war
In the spring of 1861, the Union had
a small army
16,000
Mostly in the West
1/3 of the Union army officers resigned
to join the Confederacy
Mobilizing for War (cont.)
April 1862
Confederacy passed the 1st conscription
law
The act exempted from the draft people
in several occupations and those who
owned or oversaw 20 or more slaves
The 20-Negro law led nonslaveholders to
complain that this was “a rich man’s war
but a poor man’s fight.”
Mobilizing for War (cont.)
The South managed to procure the
arms it needed but was less successful
in providing its troops with food and
clothing
It imposed the Impressment Act
1863
1.) Allowed govt. agents to take food
supplies from farmers at a set price
2.) seize slaves to work for the army
This law was hated even more than the
Conscription Act
Mobilizing for War (cont.)
Enrollment Act
1863
Made all able-bodied white males ages 2045 eligible for the draft
Granted exemptions
1.)Permitted men to buy substitutes to serve in
their place
2.) Excused those who paid the govt. a $300
commutation fee
By the war’s end 2.8 million men served
on either side
Union Soldiers
Financing the War
 Both sides sold war bonds and printed
unbacked paper money
 Greenback
 Union paper money
 Did not depreciate unduly
 The federal govt. made greenbacks legal tender
 Imposed stiff new taxes to keep
The govt. solvent
Financing the War (cont.)
 The South
 More reluctant to impose and collect new
taxes
 Tried to pay its bills by printing more and
more paper money
 Saw its currency depreciate drastically
Financing the War (cont.)
The North also passed the National
Bank Act
Permitted federally chartered banks
to issue national bank notes
Backed by the federal govt.
Tax history website
Political Leadership in
Wartime
Lincoln faced opposition from northern
Democrats
Disliked the National Bank Act
The draft
The emancipation of slaves
He also faced opposition from the
Radical Republicans
End slavery
Criticized his lenient reconstruction plans
Salmon Chase, Charles Sumner, Thaddeus
Stevens
Political Leadership in
Wartime (cont.)
In the face of this opposition,
Republicans rallied behind Lincoln
Coalesced into a strong political
entity
Rule federal elections for years
Political Leadership in
Wartime (cont.)
 Jefferson Davis was
less successful in
containing
factionalism
 Embroiled in
destructive fights
with his VP
(Alexander
Stephens) and other
states’ rights leaders
Political Leadership in
Wartime (cont.)
The absence of an opposition party
in the South further contributed to
the factionalism of the southern
Democrats
Davis lacked the support to pass
any measures he supported
Governance in the South was often
at a standstill
Securing the Union’s
Borders
Lincoln wanted to protect Washington
D.C.
Needed the border states to stay in the
Union
Lincoln occupied the border states
militarily and suspended the writ of
habeas corpus
Arrested prosecession supporters
without charge
Securing the Union’s
Borders (cont.)
The Supreme Court in Ex parte
Merryman ruled Lincoln’s actions as
unconstitutional
Ex parte Merryman Supreme Court Case
Lincoln defied the Court
With Lincoln’s emergency measures,
MD, DE, KY, and MO stayed in the
Union
In Battle, 1861-1862
Armies, Weapons, and Strategies
North’s advantages:
Larger population
Many more white men of fighting age
Control of 90% of the country’s industry
Control of 2/3’s of the country’s railroad
track
Armies, Weapons, and
Strategies (cont.)
South’s advantages:
Fighting a defensive war on its home
territory
Could use a larger population of its
white men for fighting
Slave labor carried out nonmilitary
activities
Armies, Weapons, and
Strategies (cont.)
The improved bullets and
Springfield or Enfield rifles used
during the Civil War increased the
infantry’s firepower
Reduced the effectiveness of cavalry
Encouraged the digging of trenches
Put a premium on the element of
surprise in an attack
Armies, Weapons, and
Strategies (cont.)
Anaconda plan
Union plan at the start of the War
Sealing off the South with a blockade of its
coastline and cutting it in 2 by gaining
control of the Mississippi River
In 1861, the Union did not yet have enough
ships and troops to carry out the plan
Anaconda Plan
Anaconda plan
Armies, Weapons, and
Strategies (cont.)
Instead of the Anaconda plan,
west of the Appalachians, Union
soldiers occupied KY and moved
southward into TN
While in the eastern theater, the
North made repeated, futile
attempts to capture Richmond
Stalemate in the East
 Confederates routed
the Union at the first
Battle of Bull Run
(First Manassas)
 July 21, 1861
 Union were led by
General McDowell
 Confederates were
led by General
Beauregard and
General Johnston
 First Manassas
Johnston and Beauregard
First Battle of Manassas
Stalemate in the East
(cont.)
 McClellan then tried
to take Richmond
from the South
 Moved his army up
the York Peninsula
 Robert E. Lee’s
smaller Confederate
army stopped
McClellan
 Lincoln called off the
Peninsula campaign
Stalemate in the East
(cont.)
 Then Lee and
Stonewall Jackson
headed north
 Defeated the Union
at the Second Battle
of Bull Run
 Aug. 29-30, 1862
 Second Battle of Bull
Run
 Continued into
western MD
Stalemate in the East
(cont.)
Battle of Antietam
Sharpsburg, MD
Sept. 1862
Lee hoped with this invasion to:
Seize needed food
Threaten Washington D.C.
Increase peace sentiment in the North
Convince GB and France to recognize the
Confederacy
Stalemate in the East
(cont.)
Battle of Antietam (cont.)
Union forces under McClellan halted Lee’s
advance and forced him to retreat
southward
Turning point in the Civil War (stopped
Confederacy from advancing North)
Allowed Lincoln to prepare the Emancipation
Proclamation
23,000 were killed
National Park Service link
National Park Service eyewittness quotes
Stalemate in the East
(cont.)
Battle of Fredericksburg
Dec. 11-15, 1862
Union had about 100,000 forces
Led by General Burnside
Confederacy had about 72,000 forces
18,000 causalities (13,000 Union)
Confederacy won
The War in the West
 The western theater
saw important Union
victories
 1861-1862, Ulysses
S. Grant secured
control of MO and KY
 Then moved into TN,
capturing 2 key forts
The War in the West
(cont.)
 Battle of Shiloh
 Southern TN
 April 6-7, 1862
 23,800 total casualties
 110,000 total troops
 Union victory
The War in the West
(cont.)
 Battle of New
Orleans
 Naval battle
 Union was led by
Admiral David G.
Farragut
 April 28-May 1, 1862
 Union won
 Union pushed north
up the Mississippi
River
The War in the West
(cont.)
A second naval flotilla moving
southward captured Memphis
By 1863, the North controlled the
entire river except for a 200-mile
stretch between Port Hudson, LA
and Vicksburg, MS
The War in the West
(cont.)
Fighting also broke out in the transMississippi West
Northern and Southern forces were joined
by Mexican-Americans and Indians
The Union defeated the Confederates
much of the Union army in the Southwest and on
the Great Plains turned to the final conquest of
Native Americans
The Soldiers’ War
The typical Civil war soldier (Union
or Confederate) was a volunteer
Came from a farm or small town
Ended up serving in the infantry
Usually enlisted with visions of
military glory and proving his
“manhood”
The Soldiers’ War (cont.)
His real war experiences soon stripped
away romantic illusions
Life in army camps was tedious
The food was bad in the Union army
and scarce in the Confederate
Confederate soldiers often lacked
blankets, clothes, and shoes
Poor sanitation in the camps of both
armies
High rates of disease, lice, flies, ticks, and
rats
The Soldiers’ War (cont.)
The casualty rates in battles were
horrendous
Shiloh and Antietam were the worst
In their letters home, Confederate
soldiers often claimed to be fighting for
southern rights and to protect slavery
Union soldiers at first said little about
abolishing slavery
but mentioned the need for emancipation
more often as the war continued
either for humanitarian reasons or as the best
way to defeat the South
Ironclads and Cruisers:
The Naval War
The Union gradually tightened its
blockade
It further disrupted foreign trade
vital to the Confederacy
Captured ports and coastal areas
Ironclads and Cruisers:
The Naval War (cont.)
Confederate attempts to break the
stranglehold with an ironclad ship
led to the Battle of the Merrimac
and the Monitor
Merrimac=Confederacy
Monitor=Union
March 8-9, 1862
draw
Ironclads and Cruisers:
The Naval War (cont.)
Monitor
Merrimac
The Diplomatic War
The Confederacy tried to convince
France and Britain that it was in their
interests to extend diplomatic
recognition
Hoping to establish a colonial empire in
Mexico, Napoleon III of France had
grounds to welcome a permanent
division in the United States
The South expected active help from
the British, who desperate for the
South’s cotton, might be counted on to
break the Union blockade
The Diplomatic War
(cont.)
There was tension between the Union
and the British over the Trent affair
Confederate diplomats were captured by
the British
USA was concerned if the British had a right
to capture the diplomats
British let them go after about 2 weeks
Tension also over the commerce raiders
and rams built for the Confederacy in
England
The Diplomatic War
(cont.)
But the South’s “cotton diplomacy”
failed
The British had stockpiles of cotton on
hand at the start of the war and then
found alternative sources of cotton
supplies
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
won British sympathy for the Union
Turned the struggle into a war against
slavery
Emancipation Transforms
the War, 1863
From Confiscation to Emancipation
In his inaugural address, Lincoln proclaimed
that he had no intention of interfering with
slavery in the South
Whenever Union armies approached, slaves
fled to them
Some commanders refused to return them to
their masters
 Called them contrabands of war
First Confiscation Act
Aug. 1861
Congress backed the no-return policy
Stopped short of freeing the slaves
From Confiscation to
Emancipation (cont.)
Lincoln at first resisted calls for
emancipation
He did not want to push the border slave
states into secession
He also knew many northerners feared that
freedmen might come north and compete
for jobs
Radical Republicans demanded
immediate emancipation
pointed out that the South’s use of slave
labor was helping it militarily
From Confiscation to
Emancipation (cont.)
After early Union defeats, many
northerners agreed that it was
necessary to strike a blow against
slavery to beat the Confederacy
Second Confiscation Act
July 1862
Authorized freeing slaves who came within
Union lines
Also authorized using black soldiers
Lincoln hesitated a while longer to
enforce this law
From Confiscation to
Emancipation (cont.)
Lincoln failed to persuade Union slave
states to accept federally compensated
abolition
Lincoln drafted his Emancipation
Proclamation
It stated that as of Jan. 1, 1863, all slaves
in areas then in rebellion were “forever
free”
It only applied in areas not controlled
by the Union
At first it freed no slaves
From Confiscation to
Emancipation (cont.)
Issuing it was a masterful move:
It satisfied Radical Republicans
Appealed to antislavery sentiment in GB
and France
Forestalling their recognition of the
Confederacy
Encouraged slaves to run away and join the
Union army
Emancipation Proclamation
Crossing Union Lines
By 1865 about half a million former
slaves were in Union-held territory
Some worked for the army
Others worked for loyal planters
Others worked on abandoned plantation
lands
Many Union soldiers were bitterly
prejudiced against blacks
began to change their attitudes as black
spies and scouts helped them
Crossing Union Lines
(cont.)
Freedmen’s aid societies in the North
sent agents into the South to distribute
relief and open schools
Freedmen’s Bureau
March 1865
Created by Congress
Help former slaves by:
Educate
Dispense relief
Find employment
Crossing Union Lines
(cont.)
Congress also stipulated that 40
acres of abandoned property or
confiscated land could be leased to
each freedman with an option to
buy after 3 years
about.com--Freedmen's Bureau
Black Soldiers in the Union
Army
After Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation, large
numbers of blacks were accepted
in the Union army
By 1865, 186,000 blacks had
served
Made-up 1/10 of all Union soldiers
Black Soldiers in the Union
Army (cont.)
The black troops suffered much
discrimination
Placed in segregated regiments
Commanded by white officers
Received less pay
Suffered a higher mortality rate than whites
Despite unfair treatment, they served
the Union well
Black Soldiers in the Union
Army (cont.)
When black soldiers were captured
by the South, they were not
treated as POW’s.
They were sent back to their states
to be re-enslaved or executed
Slavery in Wartime
Southerners attempted to maintain
control over their slaves by:
stepping up patrols
telling slaves horror stories about the
Yankees
moving slaves far from Union lines
Nonetheless, slaves ran to Union camps
Others remained on the plantation
doing little or no work
Slavery in Wartime (cont.)
Near the end of the War the
Confederate congress passed a bill
to arm 300 slave soldiers
The plan was never put into effect
The Turning Point of 1863
In the summer and fall of 1863, the
Union scored important victories
Lee’s invasion of the North was turned
back at Gettysburg in July
Simultaneously, Grant took Vicksburg,
and Port Hudson fell to another Union
force
The North then controlled the whole
Mississippi River
Vicksburg
Gettysburg
Gettysburg
The Turning Point of 1863
(cont.)
In September, the North also
routed the Confederacy from
Chattanooga
Cleared the way for Union troops to
invade GA
War and Slavery, North
and South
The War’s Economic Impact: The North
War-related industries and the railroads
boomed
The Republican-dominated Congress
enacted measures that encouraged further
business development:
Raising tariffs
Chartering and granting land and loans to the
Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad
corporations
 Build a transcontinental line
Creating a new national banking system
The War’s Economic
Impact: The North (cont.)
Other legislation benefited the West
Homestead Act (1862)
160 acres of land in the West
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
Set up universities
Military tactics, engineering, and agriculture
MSU, WI, KY, PSU, IA State
The War’s Economic
Impact: The North (cont.)
Everyone did not benefit equally
from the rising economy
Manufactures and speculators made
fat profits
Workers’ wages lagged behind
inflation
Women received less pay than males
Workers protested their economic lot
by forming national unions
The War’s Economic
Impact: The South
The war destroyed the South’s economy
Wrecked railroads
Cut its cotton and food production
Food shortages worsened the South’s
already rampant inflation
Also it caused such hardships for soldiers’
families that many Confederates deserted
to try to provide for their wives and children
Some food was supplied through a
flourishing cotton trade with the enemy
Dealing with Dissent
The Union and the Confederacy both
faced internal dissent
In the South
Nonslaveholders with Unionist sentiments
and states’ rights politicians denounced
Jefferson Davis’s govt.
On the whole, the Confederate govt. took
little action against these dissidents
Dealing with Dissent
(cont.)
In the North
Peace Democrats (Cooperheads)
criticized the Emancipation
Proclamation
Demanded an immediate peace
settlement with the South
Had their strongest following in the
border states, in the Midwest, and among
immigrant workers in northeastern states
Dealing with Dissent
(cont.)
In the North (cont.)
Attempts to begin drafting men in July 1863
sparked riots in NYC
Had to be quelled by federal troops
Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus
Imposed martial law
Lincoln’s actions lead to the Supreme Court
case Ex parte Milligan (1866)
The justices ruled that civilians cannot be tried by
military tribunals when the regular civil courts are
open
The Medical War
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Formed by northern citizens
A civilian organization that raised money for
medical supplies
Also distributed extra food and medicine to
army camps
3,200 women volunteered their services
as nurses (both sides)
Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton
Later founded the American Red Cross
Dix and Barton
The Medical War
Limited knowledge about sanitation and
germs led to a frightful toll from disease
and infected wounds
Conditions in prisoner-of-war camps
were particularly grim
Andersonville, GA
Most notorious
Confederate prison camp
The War and Women’s
Rights
Women’s rights hoped that the war
would win equality for women as well as
blacks
National Women’s Loyal League
1863
Formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Susan B. Anthony
Campaigned for amendments ending
slavery and granting blacks and women the
vote
The Civil War did not change women’s
inferior political status
The Union Victorious,
1864-1865
 The Eastern Theater
in 1864
 In 1864, Lincoln put
Ulysses S. Grant in
command of all Union
armies
 Grant moved his
headquarters to the
eastern theater
 Proceeded to attack
Lee in VA
The Eastern Theater in
1864 (cont.)
Grant proceeded
to attack Lee in
VA
At the same time,
Grant ordered
General Sherman
to invade GA
The Eastern Theater in
1864 (cont.)
Union experienced heavy casualties at
the Battle of the Wilderness,
Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor
Grant continued to press forward
Forced Lee to pull back to trenches
outside of Petersburg and Richmond
Grant dispatched another Union force
under Philip Sheridan
Devastated and conquered the Shenahoah
Valley
The Eastern Theater in
1864 (cont.)
While Grant battled Lee in the
Wilderness, Sherman advanced
relentlessly into GA
Confederate forces had to
evacuate Atlanta
Fell to Sherman in Sept. 1864
The Election of 1864
Lincoln faced a tough fight
First from the Radical Republicans
Preferred to nominate Salmon Chase
Then from peace Democrats
Nominated George McClellan
To win the votes of prowar Democrats
and Lincoln and the Republicans
nominated prowar Tennessee Unionist,
Andrew Jackson for VP
The Election of 1864
(cont.)
Sherman’s
capture of Atlanta
in Sept. clinched
Lincoln’s victory
in Nov.
The Election of 1864
(cont.)
The Election of 1864
(cont.)
Following the election, Congress
passed the 13th Amendment
Ratified by the end of 1865
13th Amendment
actual document
Sherman’s March Through
Georgia
 After burning march
of Atlanta, Sherman
marched across GA
to Savannah
 His army lived off
the countryside and
seized or destroyed
everything of
possible military
value
Sherman’s March Through
Georgia (cont.)
 In Dec. 1864,
Sherman too
Savannah and
turned north to SC
 The destruction
visited on SC was
even greater than
GA
 Climaxed with the
gutting of the
Columbia (the capital
of SC)
 Sherman then
continued into NC
Sherman’s March Through
Georgia (cont.)
History Channel
interactive map
Toward Appomattox
While Sherman swung north, Grant
close in on Lee’s army
By spring 1865, Confederate morale
had broken and men were deserting in
droves
On April 3, Grant entered Richmond
Lee made a last attempt to escape from
the Union army
Soon Lee surrendered to Grant at
Appomattox Courthouse
Toward Appomattox
(cont.)
nps.gov
Eyewitness to History
Within a month all remaining
Confederate resistance ended
On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes
Booth shot Lincoln
Lincoln died the next day
Andrew Johnson became President
The Impact of the War
The Civil War killed some 620,000
Americans
More than any other war the nation has
fought
It ruined the southern economy but
stimulated industrialization and capital
in the North
While the Civil War did not wipe out the
states’ rights doctrine, it did greatly
strengthen the federal govt.
The Impact of the War
(cont.)
There would be no more attempts
at secession
The War ended ended slavery
But it left undecided the future of
3.5 million freedmen
Conclusion
Historians still debate the question of
why the North won the Civil War
Certainly the North had great
advantages over the Confederacy in
manpower, industry and railroads
But it also had a much tougher task
than the Confederacy
To win, the North had to invade and
conquer the South and destroy it armies
and resources
Conclusion (cont.)
The South had only to fight a defensive
war on its home ground
Keeping its territory and armies intact
until the Union tired of struggle and
accepted secession
Some historians attribute the North’s
victory primarily to the Confederacy’s
internal weaknesses
Still others say the North prevailed
because it won key battles, but often
not by much
Conclusion (cont.)
Therefore, chance played an important
part in the outcome
Whatever the reasons for the Union’s
triumph the legacy of the Civil War is
clearer
It ended slavery
Forged a stronger federal govt.
Weakened states’ rights
Heightened nationalism