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Major Civil War Battles • • • • • • First Bull Run Gettysburg Atlanta Appomattox Antietam Vicksburg • Things To Picture • Date • Important People • Landmarks Gettysburg • The significance in the overall war Ch 11 The Civil War Gettysburg Sec 1 Choosing Sides • General Winfield Scott asked Robert E. Lee to command the Union Army • However, Lee was from Virginia, so he chose to support and lead the confederacy Advantages and Disadvantages • 7 of the 8 military colleges in the nation were in the south • ¾ of the U.S. Navy and officers were in the North • All but one of the navy’s shipyards were under Union control Advantages and Disadvantages • North South - 2x the population +− -1/3 of the south population is enslaved - Industry/Economy + - Food supplies - Extensive Railroads +− - Only 1 rail line - National Treasury + - Better military leaders • Congress passed the Legal Tender Act – Feb. 1862, to allow the government to issue a national currency and start to print colored money called greenbacks • The Union navy blockaded southern ports and cut off the south’s economy of trade • In 1862 Congress required states to use conscription, or the draft • This caused riots in many states • Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus – a person’s right not to be imprisoned unless charged with a crime and given a trial • He did so to silence anti-war critics in the North especially in border states Weak Southern Government • The Confederate Constitution limited Jefferson Davis’ powers much like the Articles of Confederation First Modern War • New cone shaped bullets were used • Instead of standing in line troops started to use trenches and barricades to defend themselves War Strategies • Jefferson Davis wanted the war to be a Defensive war of attrition • The Union plan was called the Anaconda Plan – this was proposed by Winfield Scott Sec 2 The Early Stages • In the first few months of the war Lincoln was under pressure to attack General PGT Beauregard and the confederates quickly • The place would be south of Washington, near Manassas Junction • Confederate reinforcements were led by Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson The Naval War • Blockade Runners – smaller faster ships used to smuggle goods, became effective against the blockade • Union ships led by David G. Farragut, captured New Orleans control of the Mississippi River 1862 The War in the West • In Feb. 1862, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had victories at Forts Henry and Donelson • The Union army won the Battle of Shiloh even after a surprise attack from the Confederates but twenty thousand troops were killed War in the East • George B McClellan took over the Union army after McDowell’s defeat at the First Bull Run • The Union wanted to capture Richmond • Lee then attacked the Union forces defending Washington and that became the second Battle of Bull Run • Confederates troops won and were just 20 miles from Washington • McClellan and his troops took position along Antietam Creek • The Antietam victory was huge for the Union and devastating for the south • This convinced Lincoln it was time to end slavery in the South • On Sept 1862, Lincoln announced he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation • Slaves would be free as of Jan 1, 1863 in the “states in rebellion” Sec 3 Life During the War • As the southern economy collapsed during the civil war, the north experienced a great time of growth and production • African Americans were allowed to enlist in the Union army after the Emancipation proclamation • The 54th Massachusetts was the first black regiment in the north and they were key in the battle of Fort Wagner Medical Care • Clara Barton was famous for her devotion and care of soldiers in the civil war • Florence Nightingale – a British nurse was a huge influence on American women who wanted to go into nursing Sec 4 The Turning Point • The Union army successfully completed their strategy of cutting the south into two with the battle of Vicksburg • Grant put the city under siege and cut off its food supplies until confederate troops surrendered on July 4, 1863 Gettysburg • Lincoln fired McClellan because he let Lee escape at Antietam • He gave command to Ambrose Burnside • Burnside attacked Lee at Fredericksburg (Chancellorsville) and the union army suffered enormous casualties • Burnside was then replaced with Joseph Hooker • Lee defeated Hooker and then attacked Pennsylvania • Hooker was replaced with Gen. George Meade • Meade and Lee would then meet up at Gettysburg • Lee ordered Gen. George Pickett to charge 15,000 confederates at the Union • The Confederacy lost 28,000 men, 1/3 of Lees’ army, the Union lost 23,000 • President Lincoln came to Gettysburg in November 1863 to dedicate the battlefield as a cemetery and delivered the Gettysburg Address Sec 5 The War Ends • On Sept 1, Sherman’s troops occupied the city of Atlanta and burned down 1/3 of the city • Nov 15, 1864, Sherman started his March to the Sea • He destroyed everything in his path until they reached the coast and seized Savannah on Dec. 21, 1864 • Lincoln won re-election in 1864 against his old General, McClellan • The 13th Amendment – banned slavery in the U.S. • Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 • April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre • The civil war results… – The Union was preserved and strengthened the power of federal government over the states – Slavery was ended – The South’s society and economy were devastated