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Chapter 13 The Civil War 8th Grade Georgia Studies Wilson Expectations and Reality • In the early months of 1861, neither southern nor northern leaders expected the war to last long at all. • Southerners believed that that the North would have no stomach for fighting. • Northerners believed that their huge advantages in resources would mean a swift military defeat of the South. • Both sides were wrong. The Beginning of War • The first shots of the Civil War were fired on April 12, 1861, when the Confederate army attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina. • Union forces surrendered and the Confederacy won the first battle. • President Lincoln called for 75,000 men to serve in the Union army. Georgia in the War • Arsenals- facilities where weapons and ammunition are manufactured and stored. • Arsenals were built in Augusta, Atlanta, Savannah, Macon, and Columbus. • Georgia becomes one of the Confederacy’s most important sources of supplies and military equipment. • Growing corn and other foodstuffs. • Railroads • Georgia was the “heart of the Confederacy” Naval Blockade • President Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of Southern ports, including Georgia. • Blockade- use of military forces to isolate enemy territories. • Georgia coastal cities including Darien, Brunswick, and Savannah were blockaded to prevent shipments of supplies and goods from getting in and out. • The blockade prevents Georgia from exporting cotton and deals a financial blow to the state. Famous People of the Civil War • Jefferson Davis- President of the Confederacy • Abraham Lincoln- President of the U.S. (Union) • Robert E. Lee- Confederate General • William T. Sherman- Union General Bull Run • The first official battle of the Civil War is the Battle of Bull Run in Virginia. • Confederacy wins. Battle of Antietam • Confederate General Robert E. Lee moves his troops to Maryland where he planned to capture Washington, D.C. • The Battle of Antietam proved to be one of the bloodiest battles in the war. • The Confederacy lost 13,700 men, while the Union lost 12,400. • This was an important Union victory because it stopped Confederate forces from advancing to Washington, D.C. Emancipation Proclamation • On January 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln announced the end of slavery in Confederate states. • This decree was known as the Emancipation Proclamation. • This proclamation officially signified the intentions of the U.S. government concerning slavery. Battle of Chickamauga • Control of the railroad in nearby Chattanooga, Tennessee was at stake during this battle. • After three days of fighting, Union forces retreated. • Bloodiest battle fought in Georgia. • Considered a Confederate victory because forces pushed Union soldiers out of Georgia. Andersonville • In February 1864, the Confederates opened a prison camp to house Union soldiers. • Andersonville was located in Georgia and held more prisoners than any other place. • Conditions were very bad. Unhealthy sanitation, malnutrition, and overcrowding led to mass death. • 13,000 Union soldiers died at Andersonville. The Gettysburg Address • The Battle of Gettysburg would prove to be the greatest battle ever fought on the continent of North America. • The Confederacy would lose 28,000 men and the Union’s casualties would number 23,000. • President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in order to urge the North to win the war to preserve the Union. Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign • In May of 1864, Union General Sherman began his march to the sea in Georgia with 100,000 soldiers. • Sherman and his troops burned Atlanta to the ground. • Sherman and his men took everything they could use and destroyed what they could not. Sherman’s March to the Sea • Sherman’s march to the sea through Georgia was designed to destroy the “heart of the Confederacy” and cripple the Confederacy. • Sherman’s forces destroyed Georgia’s resources and left a trail of destruction in their wake. • On December 21, 1864, Sherman entered Savannah and presented the city to President Lincoln. • The Confederacy was now destroyed. Southern Surrender and the End of the Civil War • On April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant and other Confederate forces soon followed. • The South’s “war of independence” ended in defeat, with dreams of a southern nation just painful memories. • The Union prevailed, slavery was abolished, and the United States remained one nation.