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As teachers of history we are a crucial and privileged link in our nation. A nation that has broken faith with the past cannot have a vision for its future. We need to teach our students not only what it means to be Americans but how we became Americans. No nation that has broken faith with its past has ever succeeded. Without an understanding of our history our nation has no future The Union and Confederacy in 1861 Overview of Civil War The last battle for freedom Confederate Leaders Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis Union Leaders Ulysses S. Grant George B. McClellan Southern Land African Americans In 1863 the U.S. Congress passed a law allowing African Americans to serve in the military. Within months there were close to 200,000 Africans serving in the Northern army and navy. Weaponry and Protection Fort Sumter Fort Sumter Principal Commanders: Union States: Maj. Robert Anderson Confederate States: Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard Forces Engaged: Union States: 80 Confederate States: est. Total: Regiments: 580 total Estimated Casualties: None Results: Confederate victory Description: • April 1861, South Carolina • Abraham Lincoln is afraid to send supplies because the South may attack. • On April 10, 1861, Lincoln sends supplies • The Confederates attack • The Civil War begins!!! Battle of Bull Run st (1 Manassas), July, 1862 Bull Run (Manassas) Other Name: Poindexter’s Farm Principal Commanders: Union States: Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan Confederate States: Gen. Robert E. Lee Estimated Casualties: 8,500 total Results: Confederate victory Description: • July 1st 1862, Virginia • Union soldiers want to cut rail lines at Manassas, Virginia • “Stonewall” Jackson holds off Union • Union is force to retreat. Battle for the Rivers Battle for the Rivers In 1862: Grant (Union) takes: – Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. – Nashville, Tennessee by sailing up the Cumberland River. Farragut (Union) takes: – Forts Jackson and St Phillip along the Mississippi. – New Orleans. Richmond Richmond • March 1862, Virginia • McClellan tries to take Richmond (Confederate Capital. • “Stonewall” Jackson distracts Union troops in the valley. • Robert E. Lee becomes new General***** • Lee wins but nearly 20,000 rebels die Antietam The Bloodiest Day in American History Antietam Other Name: Sharpsburg Principal Commanders: Union States: Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan Confederate States: Gen. Robert E. Lee Estimated Casualties: 23,100 total Results: Inconclusive (Union strategic victory.) Description: • September 16-18, 1862, Maryland • McClellan confronted Lee’s Army at Sharpsburg, Maryland. • September 17, becomes the single bloodiest day in American military history. Antietam • 22,726 Americans died in one day amongst the hills and plains of Maryland. Late in the day, the Union crossed the stone bridge over Antietam Creek and rolled up the Confederate right. At a crucial moment, another Confederate division arrived from Harpers Ferry and counterattacked, driving back the Union and saved the day. Although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army, enabling Lee to fight the Union to a standstill. During the night, both armies regrouped their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued to fight with McClellan throughout the 18th, while removing his wounded south of the river. McClellan did not renew the assaults. After dark, Lee ordered the battered Army of Northern Virginia to withdraw across the Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley. Antietam Emancipation in 1863 President Lincoln issues the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, on January 1, 1863. It declared that all slaves in States still in rebellion against the United States are free. The Southern View of Emancipation The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Vicksburg Principal Commanders: Union States: Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant Confederate States: Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton Forces Engaged: Union States: Army of the Tennessee Confederate States: Army of Vicksburg Estimated Casualties: Union States: 4,550 Confederate States: 31,275 Total: 35,825 total Results: Union victory Description: • May and June 1863, Mississippi • Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s armies attack on Vicksburg, trapping a Confederate army • On July 4, Vicksburg surrendered. • One of the most important military campaigns of the war. • The Confederacy was split in half. The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Gettysburg Principal Commanders: Union States: Maj. Gen. George G. Meade Confederate States: Gen. Robert E. Lee Estimated Casualties: Union States: 23,000 Confederate States: 28,000 Total: 51,000 total Results: Union victory Description: •July 1863, Pennsylvania •Lee marched 75,000 men to invade the north. •The union troops arrive with 88,000 •Pickett’s Charge- Thousands of Confederates run directly at the Union troops. •Largest and bloodiest battle ever fought in North America. Gettysburg Battles erupt on Little Round Top, Peach Orchid, Wheat Field, and Cemetery Hill. Gettysburg Gettysburg Gettysburg would be the most horrific battle in American History. Confederate Forces Engaged: 75,000 Union Forces Engaged: 82,289 Winner: Union Casualties: 51,112 (23,049 Union and 28,063 Confederate) Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address November 19th 1863 Lincoln gives a speech atop of Cemetery Hill where the Union troops that died at Gettysburg were buried. Lincoln’s words would ring through history, immortalizing the sacrifice of his nations sons. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Presidential Election of 1864 The Progress of War: 1861-1865 The South Surrenders April 2, 1865 April 2 - Grant's forces break through Lee's lines at Petersburg. Lee evacuates Petersburg. The Confederate Capital, Richmond, is abandoned. The next day, Union troops enter and raise the Stars and Stripes. April 9, 1865 April 9 - Gen. Robert E. Lee surrenders his Confederate Army to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at the village of Appomattox Court House in Virginia. The South Surrenders Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars Casualties on Both Sides Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act Sherman’s March through Georgia to the Sea, 1864 The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865 African-Americans in Civil War Battles The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac War in the East: 1861-1862 Men Present for Duty in the Civil War Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860