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World Class Education www.kean.edu 1 Topic 6 2 The Union was preserved – the doctrine of secession was dead Slavery as an institution is dead 3 What is the legal status of the former Confederate states? What were the conditions for the return of the Confederate states to the Union? Punishment of ex-rebels. Trials? Property confiscation? What will be the political, economic, educational, and social status of the freed slaves? Should there be fundamental (revolutionary) changes in the South or a quick restoration of the South to the Union Who should determine Reconstruction policy – the President or Congress? 4 Wartime Reconstruction – Lincoln (1863-1865) Post-war Reconstruction - Andrew Johnson (1865-1866) Radical Reconstruction – Congress (1866 1877) 5 The rebel states had never left the union – rebellion the work of individuals not states The issue of the exact legal status of the former rebel states is a “pernicious abstraction” It was the responsibility of the President (executive branch) to determine policy The political restoration of the Union should be relatively quick Moderate approach No harsh punishments for treason No property confiscation 6 Pardon all ex-rebels (except leaders) who take oath of future allegiance to US When 10% of the voters of the state take the oath they can form a new state government Must accept certain conditions – wartime executive actions / emancipation actions so far initiated “Radical Republicans” oppose the plan – Wade-Davis and Wade-Davis Manifesto Lincoln’s plan stalls in Congress Bill 7 Pro-Union Democrat (but Lincoln’s VP) Continues Lincoln’s policies Extensive use of presidential pardon Quick restoration – exConfederates back in power and in Congress Alienates Republicans 8 Thaddeus Stevens - House Charles Sumner - Senate 9 Repudiate Johnson’s actions Southern states – “conquered provinces” or “territorial” status Only Congress can readmit states Harder policy – more “revolutionary” Ensure Republicans remain in control of federal government and Reconstruction policy Protection for blacks Establish Republican- controlled Southern state governments 10 Civil Rights Act, 1866 Freedmen’s Bureau, 1866 Fourteenth Amendment, proposed 1866 First Reconstruction Act, 1867 – military districts, new state constitutions, ratify 14th Amendment Force Act, 1870 – use of US Army to maintain order and protest black rights 11 Violated Tenure of Office Act, 1867 Other “High Crimes and Misdemeanors” Trial before Senate Found not guilty but now powerless Admission Ticket to Trial 12 Carpetbaggers Scalawags Blacks Criticism – corrupt, incompetent, debt…. A “Tragic Era” Popular Image of the Carpetbagger 13 Ratification of liberal constitutions – civil liberties, universal manhood suffrage, abolish imprisonment for debt Begin rebuilding of economic infrastructure of war-torn South Free, compulsory public school system Graft and corruption evident – no worse than in the North 14 Threats and terrorism – KKK, rifle clubs…. Social ostracism of Southern white collaborationists Political opposition Southern Democrats 15 Southern opposition wears down supporters Removal of voting disqualifications of remaining exrebels North retreats on the issues - gets tired of constant trouble in the South Lack of deep support for black rights in the North Contested Presidential Election of 1876 and Compromise of 1877 16 “Here was government by the most ignorant and vicious part of the population …. vulgar, materialistic, brutal….” John W. Burgess, 1902 “Hostile and biased historical interpretation of Reconstruction as a tragic era of black supremacy became part of the justification for the South's new system of white supremacy.” “Not until the mid-twentieth century would the nation again attempt to come to terms with the political and social agenda of Reconstruction.” Eric Foner, 2003 17 13th , 14th, and 15th Amendments Lays the basis for future civil rights advancement Bitter memory for many white Southerners – comes to dominate the historical interpretation of the period until the 1950s 18 John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction after the Civil War – classic work Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery