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The Civil War
1861–1865
Many factors cause a
civil war between the
North and the South.
The conflict and its
aftermath lead to
devastation in Georgia,
and lingering bitterness
in the South.
Illustration depicting the capture of Atlanta,
September 2, 1864.
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The Civil War
1861–1865
SECTION 1
The Fighting Begins
SECTION 2
Life on the Front Lines and at Home
SECTION 3
The War Continues
SECTION 4
War Comes to Georgia
SECTION 5
The War’s End
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Section 1
The Fighting Begins
The availability of men and material is a major
factor in the outcome of the war.
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SECTION
1
The Fighting Begins
Causes of the Civil War
How the Regions Viewed One Another
• Slavery is main cause of war, other factors
involved
• Regional stereotyping leads to fear, hatred
• Southerners believe Northerners are bad
mannered, greedy
• Northerners believe Southerners are backwards,
unsophisticated
Loss of Control
• Abraham Lincoln new President; Northern Republicans
control Congress
• Southerners fear new government, loss of states’ rights
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Causes
of the Civil War
Economic Differences
• The South’s economy based on agriculture and
slave labor
• The North’s economy based on industry, but
keeps some agriculture
- cities and wage labor develop in North
• Differences make compromise over slavery
difficult
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SECTION
1
Resources of the North and South
Economic Resources
• North controls most of U.S. industry, banks,
railways, farmland
• South is agricultural; most farms grow cotton, not
food
Human Resources
• North: 22 million people, 92% of nation’s industrial work
force
• South: 9 million people, 3.5 million of them slaves
Military Forces and Leaders
• North: 16,000 soldiers; South: no army, uses state militias
• Strong Southern leaders; many from U.S. Army and
academies
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Georgia’s Resources
Geography
• Atlanta is small, but is transport hub and supply
center
• produces military and nonmilitary goods, has
large arsenal
Industry
• Georgia mills grain and leads South in textile
production
Agriculture
• Farmers asked to grow less cotton, more food for troops
Railroads
• Over 1,400 miles of rail in state; major routes through
Atlanta
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SECTION
1
Military Strategies of the North and South
Northern Military Strategy
• Northern leaders believe conflict will not last long
• Initial Northern strategy: economic pressure, little
fighting
• Winfield Scott blockades southern coast, mouth
of Mississippi
- called the “Anaconda Plan”—hopes to
strangle Southern trade
• Many northerners oppose plan, want quicker end
to “rebellion”
• To end war faster, federal troops enter Virginia in
summer, 1861
Map
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Military
Strategies of the North and South
King Cotton Diplomacy
• South wants North to tire of war, accept
independence
• South hopes Europe’s need for cotton wins
European support in war
- policy known as King Cotton diplomacy
• Most Europeans find other cotton sources
• South uses blockade runner ships; avoid
blockade; penetrate harbor
• However, blockade becomes more effective as
war continues
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SECTION
1
Fighting Begins
Fort Sumter
• Fort Sumter—Union fort on island off of
Charleston, South Carolina
• South blocks Union supplies from reaching fort
• Before more supplies arrive, Confederate troops
ordered to open fire
• Bombardment on April 12,1861; Union loses fort,
Civil War begins
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Fighting
Begins
First Bull Run
• Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Va., is first
major battle
• July 21, 1861; called Battle of Manassas by
Confederates
• Union attacks and pushes Southern forces back
• Confederate troops counterattack; leads to major
victory
• Confederate General Thomas Jackson earns
“Stonewall” nickname
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SECTION
1
Georgia at the Beginning of the War
Conflicts in Georgia
• Fort Pulaski guards Savannah before war; held by
Georgia militia
- Union reoccupies in 1862; port of Savannah
unusable to rebels
• Union tries to stop Confederate supplies by raiding
railroads
- 20 Union spies board The General in Marietta
- plan to destroy tracks, bridges and communication
lines; plan fails
Image
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Section 2
Life on the Front Lines
and at Home
As the war intensifies, life on the battlefield
and at home becomes far worse than ever
imagined.
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SECTION
2
Life on the Front Lines and at Home
Those Who Fought
Volunteers and Recruits in the South
• Most on both sides ages 18–30, rural, unsure
about war’s causes
• 120,000 Georgians serve for state or Confederacy
• Confederacy initially turns away many volunteers;
supplies limited
• By spring 1862, South has trouble finding
volunteer troops
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Those
Who Fought
The Confederate Draft
• South passes draft, April 1862—citizens must
serve in military
• White men ages 18–35 (later 17–50) required to
serve 3 years
• Anyone can hire substitute; transportation,
industry workers exempt
• Some see the 20-slave exemption as way for
rich to avoid service
- one white man exempt for every 20 slaves on a
plantation
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Those
Who Fought
Volunteers and Recruits in the North
• North also has many early volunteers, but
numbers drop
• North passes draft in March 1863, also has
exemptions
• Over half of draftees pay fee or hire substitute to
avoid draft
Draft Riots
• Riot over exemption fee in New York City, summer 1863
• Mob attacks African Americans—not citizens, so exempt
from draft
• Soldiers come in from battlefields to stop rioting
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SECTION
2
A Soldier’s Life
A Monotonous Life
• Soldiers wait weeks or months in camp for orders
• March for days or weeks to battle; fight for days,
then march back
Food
• Food rations: flour, salted/pickled meat, dried
foods
• Fresh food rare; soldiers hunt, forage, fish,
sometimes steal
Health
• Low recovery rate for wounded; more die from
conditions than battle
• Doctors have little battlefield experience,
unsterile conditions
Continued . . .
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continued A
Soldier’s Life
Clothing
• Early uniforms provided by wealthy individuals or
states, towns
• Official colors become blue for North, gray for
South
• Union uniforms poorly made at first, later come in
different sizes
• Southern uniforms scarce; supplied by militias,
sometimes homemade
• Uniforms vary, often hard to tell sides on
battlefields
• South lacks shoes; troops take gear from dead
after battles
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SECTION
2
Life at Home
News From the War
• News of battle deaths comes from officers or
newspapers
Supplies
• Some Southern women riot over high prices of food,
supplies
• Food riots in over a dozen cities; Jefferson Davis
restores order
• South plans to pay for civilian goods but inflation
devalues cash
- civilians now less willing to share property, supplies
• Confederacy orders impressment—takes goods, writes
receipts
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SECTION
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continued Life
at Home
Women’s Roles
• Women manage only domestic tasks before war
• During war, women run plantations, farming,
families
• Women sew supplies, work in factories, raise
cash for war effort
• Some on both sides are spies; others enlist
disguised as men
• Many work as nurses on battlefields, in military
hospitals
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SECTION
2
African-American Soldiers
African Americans Fight
• Union starts recruiting freedmen; some come
from Georgia’s Sea Islands
• Freedmen units include 54th Massachusetts
Colored Volunteers
- one of first African-American regiments to
organize in North
• Success of 54th grows African-American
enlistment to about 200,000
• By war’s end, 10 percent of Union troops are
African American
• Confederates approve slave draft, March, 1865;
none are drafted
Image
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Section 3
The War Continues
In 1863, the tide of the war turns. The
Emancipation Proclamation in January and
the Battle of Gettysburg in July change the
course of the war.
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SECTION
3
The War Continues
Shiloh and Antietam
The War Turns Bloodier
• No decisive victories for either side after nearly
a year
• Battle of Shiloh—western Tennessee,
April 6–7, 1862
• 40,000 Confederate troops surprise Union, battle
for 12 hours
• Union General Ulysses S. Grant moves up fresh
troops at night
- surprise attack overwhelms Confederates, first big
Union win
• 20,000 injured; first of many bloody battles turning
the war’s tide
Continued . . .
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3
continued Shiloh
and Antietam
The War Turns Bloodier
• Robert E. Lee is General of Army of Nothern
Virginia
• Lee defeats Union army in Seven Days’ Battles,
summer 1862
• Lee wants to invade North; carelessly leaves
battle plan behind
• Union finds plan; meets Lee at Sharpsburg,
Maryland
• Battle of Antietam starts September 16, 1862;
Lee retreats in 2 days
- also called Battle of Sharpsburg; 25,000 killed
or wounded
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3
The Emancipation Proclamation
Freeing Confederate Slaves
• On January 1, 1863, Lincoln signs Emancipation
Proclamation
• Frees all slaves in rebel states; doesn’t apply to
Union slaves
• Some critics say it goes too far, others say not far
enough
- Lincoln lacks Constitutional power to free
Union slaves
- also fears angering the four Union slave states
• War now about freedom; many Europeans
support emancipation, North
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SECTION
3
Gettysburg
The War’s Largest Battle
• Lee wins at Chancellorsville in May, 1863; then
heads north
• Lee’s troops meet Union forces at Gettysburg, Pa.
• Lee seems to win Battle of Gettysburg until Day 3
• Union ready for Lee’s attack; Lee retreats,
defeated
• 28,000 of Lee’s army killed or injured; 23,000
for North
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address dedicates
battlefield cemetery
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3
Chickamauga and Chattanooga
“The Battle Above the Clouds”
• General Braxton Bragg defeats Union at
Chickamauga, Fall 1863
• Union army retreats; Bragg traps them in
Chattanooga, Tennessee
• Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman bring
Union reinforcements
• Union charges up Lookout Mountain in fog, drives
Bragg into Georgia
• Grant named commander of Union armies, March
1864; creates plan
• Grant chases Lee north to Virginia; Sherman
heads south
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Section 4
War Comes to Georgia
In 1864, Union strategy focuses on
destroying Georgia’s resources and its
people’s will to fight.
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SECTION
4
War Comes to Georgia
The Georgia Campaign
Sherman and Johnston
• Grant’s troops in Virginia; Sherman commands
100,000 in Tennessee
• Joseph E. Johnston replaces Bragg for South
• Sherman plans march south to take Atlanta, then go
to Savannah
• Johnston ordered to stop Sherman, but Sherman
evades him
• Jefferson Davis dislikes Johnston’s tactics, wants
offensive stance
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4
The Path to Atlanta
Dalton
• Sherman fights small battles along march route
• Union can’t take Confederate positions at Dalton
despite larger army
• Union goes around, or “flanks,” Johnston’s forces
at Dalton
Resaca to New Hope Church
• Sherman flanks at Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville,
New Hope Church
Kennesaw Mountain
• Battle of Kennesaw Mountain—first major battle
on Georgia soil
• Sherman unable to take mountain, Sherman circles
again toward Atlanta
Image
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4
The Atlanta Campaign
The Siege of Atlanta
• General John B. Hood replaces Johnston; attacks
north of Atlanta
• Hood eventually retreats, Sherman shells Atlanta
for 40 days
Ezra Church and Jonesboro
• Hood loses at both towns; he destroys supplies, leaves
Atlanta
Sherman Enters Atlanta
• Sherman takes Atlanta September 2, 1864; forces
residents to leave
• Heavy toll on both sides; some criticize Sherman for
brutal siege
• Camp at Rough and Ready houses refugees; prisoners
exchanged
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4
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Field Order No. 120
• Sherman plans March to the Sea—march from
Atlanta to Savannah
- no supply lines on march; Grant; Lincoln
worried
• Sherman orders major Atlanta buildings
destroyed before march
• Sherman’s Field Order No. 120 requires troops
to live off land
• Soldiers forbidden to loot homes, but frequently
break rule
• Sherman’s “total war” destroys rail, crops,
property
Image
Continued . . .
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SECTION
4
continued Sherman’s
March to the Sea
Reaction to Sherman’s March
• Freed slaves welcome Union troops; some whites
fear them
• Some view Union troops as respectful, others
complain about damage
• Remaining Rebel forces launch guerrilla attacks
Andersonville
• Overcrowded Andersonville prison houses Union POWs
• Poor conditions, starvation, disease kills 13,000 at
Andersonville
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4
From the State Capital to Savannah
The Battle at Oconee River Bridge
• Georgia government leaves Milledgeville (capital)
as Union nears
• North takes Milledgeville, wins at Oconee River
Bridge
• Confederate forces are mix of infantry, calvary,
prisoners
- also military cadets, some young as 14
Sherman Advances
• Plantation owners on Georgia coast fear Sherman’s
arrival
Continued . . .
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SECTION
4
continued From
the State Capital to Savannah
Fall of Savannah
• Savannah well-defended by sea, not land; Fort
McAllister falls
• Defending army escapes; continues to fight into
Carolinas
• Union takes Savannah, December 21, 1864
- little looting; city’s destruction less than
Atlanta’s
• Sherman goes north to South Carolina;
Confederates fight along way
- many in Union blame South Carolina for war;
devastation increases
Continued . . .
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4
continued From
the State Capital to Savannah
Freedmen
• Former slaves follow Sherman’s troops
throughout march
• Numbers grow; not enough food and care for
freedmen
Field Order No. 15
• Field Order No. 15—freedmen get 40 acres coastal land
per household
- nearly 40,000 freedmen receive land
• Freedmen have no clear ownership; landowners retake
after war
• Sherman’s march devastates South physically,
emotionally
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Section 5
The War’s End
With the capture of the Confederate capital
at Richmond and Lee’s surrender, the war
draws to a close.
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SECTION
5
The War’s End
Surrender at Appomattox
The War Ends
• Confederate leaders leave Richmond, April 1, 1865
• Lincoln visits Richmond amid cheers of freed slaves,
Union troops
• Lee wants to continue fighting, but realizes he
cannot win
• Confederates surrender at Appomattox Court
House, April 9, 1865
• Lee’s troops pardoned, allowed to go home
• Fighting continues elsewhere a few weeks longer
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5
The Assassination of Lincoln
Celebration is Short
• Washington D.C. residents celebrate war’s end
• Lincoln addresses from White House
- says reuniting will involve Union loyalists, freed
slaves
- Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth
is in crowd
• Lincoln shot April 19, 1865 at Ford’s Theater,
dies next day
• Booth is the assassin; found two weeks later,
shot while escaping
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5
The Confederacy Finally Falls
Jefferson Davis Captured
• Union cavalry enters Georgia from Alabama;
captures Columbus
• Macon—Governor Brown surrenders Georgia
militia, leaders arrested
• Commander of Andersonville prison executed for
war crimes
• Jefferson Davis flees; dissolves government but
won’t give up
• Davis and his family captured May 10, 1865; Civil
War ends
• Many Southerners struggle for years to accept
loss
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