Download United States History Chapter 11

United States History
Chapter 11
Higher Order Thinking
Skills
Homework
1.
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Explain how the Civil War started
How did the Confederacy challenge Lincoln?
Lincoln did not want to “start” the Civil War, but he knew that
he could not “give up” Federal property without recognizing
the existence of the Confederate States of America. This was
a particular problem at Fort Sumter (in Charlestown, S.C.)
What was especially damaging to the Union about Virginia’s
secession?
Virginia was the most heavily populated Southern state and
the most industrialized.
2.
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Explain Northern and Confederate shortsightedness about the duration of the
war.
What was the Union’s military strategy?
The Anaconda Plan: (1) Capture Richmond, Va. (The
Confederate Capital, (2) Take control of the Mississippi River
(cutting off Texas from the rest of the Confederacy), and (3)
Enforce a Naval Blockade of Southern Ports (keep out war
materials and keep in Cotton exports).
What was the Confederacy’s military strategy?
Wage a defensive war, dragging the conflict out until the
Copperheads in the North could pressure Congress into
Treaty recognizing slavery.
Why was the Battle of Bull Run a surprise to both sides?
Neither was fully prepared for Battle, nor were they prepared
for the bloodshed and reality of what this war would become.
3.
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Identify the Northern Generals and their
initial campaigns in the West.
How did Grant prove his skill as a leader in the West?
By winning the Battle of Shiloh, capturing much of the
Mississippi River for the Union. He would later be victorious
at the Battle of Vicksburg, which completed Union control of
the Mississippi.
What was important about the Battle of Shiloh?
Gave the Union Army control of a large portion of the
Mississippi River, made it more difficult for the Confederacy to
get critical supplies from Texas.
How did Grant and Farragut help advance the strategy of
splitting the Confederacy?
Captured the Port of New Orleans.
4.
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Describe new weapons and other
changes in warfare.
What new weapons made war on the battlefield
more deadly?
Rifle-barreled Musket and Minie Ball (pointed
bullet).
What revolution in shipbuilding changed naval
warfare?
The Ironclad Battleship (Monitor and the Merrimac)
changed Naval Warfare forever.
5.
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Explain Northern and Southern military
strategies to capture their opponent’s
capital.
How did McClellan hurt the Union cause?
He was too cautious in his approach to Battle, he constantly
felt he was outnumbered (even though he was not) and he
failed to pursue Lee’s Army after victories giving him time to
regroup.
What action did Lee take that threatened the Union?
He launched an invasion of the North to put pressure on
Washington D.C. hoping this would lead to a peace
settlement allowing for slavery.
What were the results of the Battle of Antietam?
A halt to the first Confederate invasion of the North and the
issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.
6.
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Explain why Britain remained neutral
What economic changes made Britain less dependent on
Southern cotton?
(1) Britain had a huge surplus of Cotton (2) Britain found other
sources of Cotton in Egypt and India (3) When Britain’s wheat
crop failed, Northern wheat and corn became a more
important import than Southern Cotton.
What happened in the Trent Affair?
A British ship was stopped and two Confederate diplomats
were arrested. Britain threatened war and sent 8000 troops
to Canada. Lincoln released the prisoners and repremanded
the Naval Officer that ordered the arrest. Britain maintained
her neutrality.
7.
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Explain Lincoln’s motives for issuing the
Emancipation Proclamation and the
document’s effects.
How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the course of
the Civil War?
It shifted the focus of the war from simply preservation of the
Union to the abolition of slavery.
What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
Freed slaves in re-captured Confederate territory and made
possible the enlistment of African American soldiers in the
United States Army.
What was the reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation?
Abolitionists and Free Blacks applauded it, Northern
Democrats worried it would prolong the war by antagonizing
the South, the South was outraged and pledged to execute
any blacks taken prisoner in Union Army uniforms.
8.
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Identify the political dilemmas facing the
North and the South
How did Lincoln and Davis deal with political dissent?
Both at points suspended the protection of Habeas Corpus to
prevent dissent. Lincoln used it to arrest pro-secession
politicians and prevent the secession of Maryland.
How did people on both sides react to draft laws?
Southerners said the Draft targeted the poor leading to the
quote “a rich man’s war, a poor man’s fight”. The North
responded with violent Draft Riots.
What caused the riot in New York City in 1863?
White (mainly Irish immigrants) workers feared freed slaves
would come north and take their jobs, the call for the Draft set
off violent riots that were stopped only after the United States
Navy bombed New York City.
9.
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Explain African Americans’ role in the
struggle to end slavery.
What was the experience of African American soldiers in the
Union Army?
They served in segregated units commanded by white
officers, were used in mainly non-combats jobs, and faced
discrimination (especially with respect to equal pay for equal
work).
How did slaves aid the fight for freedom in the South?
Many ran away from their plantations, those who stayed
committed acts of sabotage. These damaged the
Confederate Army’s ability to feed and cloth its troops.
10. Explain the decline of the Southern
economy and the expansion of the
Northern economy.
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How did the war affect the economy in the South?
The destruction of property and infrastructure, along with a
completely devalued currency, caused a massive depression in the
Southern economy.
How did the war affect the economy in the North?
Army contracts caused a boom in the Northern economy.
How were women affected by the War?
Many women became involved in the war as nurses, Dorothea Dix
served as Superintendent of Nurses for the Union.
What new measure did the U.S. Government use to pay for the war?
The Income Tax.
11. Describe the terrible conditions that
Union and Confederate soldiers
endured.
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What kinds of conditions did soldiers live in during the war?
Unhygienic and disease-ridden.
How were prisoners of war treated?
Poorly, by both sides. In the North, prisoners were forced to
endure prison barges and harsh winters. In the South,
prisoners faced starvation, disease, and the harsh summers.
How did the U.S. Sanitary Commission and Clara Barton help
soldiers?
Helped lower the death rate of the wounded due to infection.
Still horrible, it was much better than in previous wars.
12. Describe the Battle at Gettysburg and its
outcome
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Why did Lee invade Pennsylvania?
To, again, try to pressure Congress into a peace treaty that would
either recognize an independent Confederate States of America or a
United States with Slavery.
How did the Battle of Gettysburg start?
Union cavalry surprised a group of Confederates looking for shoes.
How did Joshua Chamberlain save the Union position on the second
day at Gettysburg?
By executing a textbook maneuver he turned the tide at Gettysburg.
What was Pickett’s Charge?
On the last day, Lee ordered a massive frontal assault on the center
of the Union line. It failed with devastating affect, crippling Lee’s
army to the point it would never fully recover.
13. Describe Grant’s siege of Vicksburg
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How did Grant capture Vicksburg?
He used gunboats to bombard the city until it
surrendered. Ironically, this battle ended on the
same day as the Battle of Gettysburg (July 4th,
1864).
Why was Vicksburg such an important victory for
the Union?
It completed Union control of the Mississippi River.
14. Summarize the key points of the
Gettysburg Address
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How did the Gettysburg Address change the way Americans
thought of the United States?
It created a more national view of the country, Americans
stopped saying “the United States are” (implying the view they
were loosely linked sovereign states), and began saying “the
United States is” (implying a single national identity).
What reason did Lincoln give in the Gettysburg Address for
why the Union was fighting the Civil War?
For a “new birth of freedom—and that government of the
people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from
the earth”.
15. Summarize the final events of the war
leading to the surrender at Appomattox
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What happened to Confederate morale in the last years of the war?
Morale was worsening. Disputes over taxes, how soldiers were
used, and peace protests created problems for the Confederate
government.
What roles did Grant and Sherman play in the last years of the war?
Grant assumed command of the Army of the Potomac and Sherman
took command of forces in the West.
What strategy did Grant use against Lee?
He implemented a policy of “Total War” attacking anything the
Confederate Army itself and anything it could use to its benefit.
What event helped insure Lincoln’s reelection in 1864?
Capturing the city of Atlanta, the absentee ballot of the Army won the
election for Lincoln.
How did the Civil War end?
Richmond was surrounded by Union forces and Lee met with Grant
at Appomattox Court House to sign the surrender.
16. Summarize the key economic, political,
technological, and social effects of the
Civil War.
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How did the war change the balance of power between state
government and the federal government?
The Civil War was the culmination of Federalism, ensuring the
dominance of the Federal government over the States.
How did the war widen the economic imbalance between
North and South?
The Depression in the South and the Boom in the North just
widened the Economic Gap, the Cultural Gap, and the
Political Gap between the two regions.
17. Explain how the Civil War dramatically
changed the lives of individuals,
especially African Americans
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How did the war affect American families?
Almost no families would have been untouched by the War,
the loss of life was staggering, the debt would affect the
economy for years after the war, citizens would have to cope
with loss of land, jobs, limbs.
How did the war affect African Americans?
African Americans enjoyed a new freedom, however for many
it was a freedom that they were unequipped for. All the
former slaves had known was farming (many became
sharecroppers and tenant farmers after the war). Many were
uneducated. They faced the constant resentment of the
former ruling class in the South. The 13th, 14th, and 15th
Amendments provided them with rights of citizenship, but it
would take the presence of Federal Troops to receive them.