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Chapter 4
Civil War
The Union Dissolves



Lincoln takes office in
1861
7 states already have
seceded from the
Union
To preserve the Union
Senator John J.
Crittenden of
Kentucky, proposed
the Crittenden
Compromise in 1860.
Crittenden Compromise

This plan called for the old Missouri
Compromise line to be drawn west through
the remaining territories.

North line: slavery would be illegal

South line: slavery could expand

Lincoln rejected the plan
The Union Dissolves




Lincoln wanted to end slavery; however it
was not his main objective.
Lincoln wanted to preserve the UNION.
Lincoln supported the part of the Crittenden
Compromise that would protect slavery
where it already existed.
Lincoln insisted to Southerners that
secession was unconstitutional.
The Fall of Fort Sumter


South did not want
to be part of the
Union.
Confederacy took
over many federal
forts, mints, and
arsenals within its
borders during the
secession crisis.
The Fall of Fort Sumter





Fort Sumter very important to the South.
Had a strategic location in the harbor of
Charleston, South Carolina.
South needed the fort to control access to
this major port city.
The fort soon became the Confederates.
Lincoln wanted the fort back but 8 more
states threatened to secede if he attacked
the Confederacy.
The Fall of Fort Sumter



Lincoln sent supplies to the fort in hopes
that the South would fire on the ships and
be the aggressors.
April 12th Confederates fire on Fort Sumter
After 34 hours the South surrenders and
surprisingly NO one is dead.
Choosing Sides

North was not worried about loosing Northern states.

Boarder states had to pick a side.





Missouri and Kentucky sympathized with the South but
never seceded.
Maryland stays with the North.
The mountainous counties of VA became West Virginia
and became part of the Union.
The Upper South's white population remained divided.
Lincolns four brothers and 3 brother in laws fought for the
Confederate Army.
Comparing the North and the
South

North


22 million residents



Controlled more than 85% of
the nations industry and
significant material
resources.
Produced military supplies
and replaced lost or
damaged equipment

Better railroads

Had majority of the navy.

South
Only had to fight a defensive
war.
Excellent military leadership

Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee



Captured
abolitionist John
Brown in Harpers
Ferry.
Opposed Slavery
and Secession
Would NOT fight
against Virginia.
The Armies


Native Americans and African Americans
both served in the Union Army and
Confederate Army.
Indians serving for the Confederate Army
did so in hopes of an all Indian state.
st
1

Battle of Bull Run
With both sides
poorly trained
Lincoln orders
troops to
Richmond, VA.
Fighting at Manassas


McDowell's troops
never reach
Richmond.
Confederates met
the McDowell and
his Union troops at
Manassas Junction.
Fighting at Manassas

General Joseph E. Johnston took his Confederate troops and
dug in on high ground behind a creek known as Bull Run.

1st Battle of Bull Run: Northerners

Battle of Manassas: Southerners

Stonewall Jackson led the Confederates at Bull Run.

1st time people realized the war would las more than a few
months.

Confederates Win

Confederates get a false hope of security

Union becomes more determined

Lee in charge of South and McClellan in charge of the North.
REVIEW SECTION 1
Complete Chapter 4 Section 1 Review
Questions and Page 74 Worksheet.
Section 2
The North and the South Face Off
Strategies of War


North's primary goal was to restore the
Union.
Lincolns plan was a 3 part strategy

Capture Richmond, VA

Gain control of the Mississippi River

Institute a naval blockade of the South
Anaconda Plan


The naval blockade
plan was called the
“Anaconda Plan.”
It was designed to
slowly squeeze the
life out of the South
like an anaconda
snake.
Why did the South need the
seas?

To Buy and Sell goods

Importing and exporting

The North based its strategy on the Souths
geography. The South was split by the
Appalachian Mountains. The eastern
theater lay east of the Appalachians, the
western theater lay between these
mountains and the Mississippi River.
Souths Plan



Souths plan was to capture Washington
and take the North.
South had to gain the support of France
and Great Britain in order to win the war.
The Souths strategy failed.
Military Experience

Both sides faced shortages of food, clothing, and
rifles.

Some troops did not even have uniforms.

Lack of good shoes and warm coats.

Food was spoiled

Many diseases

Influenza, pneumonia, and typhoid

Surgery with no pain killers

Infected wounds
Prisoners of War

Union prisoners were held at Andersonville,
located in southwestern Georgia.

No shelter and little food.

Died at a rate of 100 a day.
Soldiers suffer from extreme boredom,
homesickness, and loneliness.
The Home Front

North

Women replaced the male factory
workers and farmers.

Women work for the government as
clerks, women work as bankers,
morticians, saloon keepers, and
steamboat captains.

Ladies Aid Societies: made bandages,
bed cloths, and shirts for soldiers.
The Home Front


South
Mary Boykin Chesnut:
wrote a diary of the
war. She married
James Chesnut a
politician who served
as Senator and served
several terms in the
Confederacy. Diary
was published in
1905.
The Home Front


South
Southerners supported the war by putting together
parades and barbecues, then would encourage young
men to join the army.

Raffles and auctions to raise money

The war was Romantic in the south.

Inflation began to sky rocket with all the shortages.


Single family dwelling, people lived on beans, boiled
potatoes, and corn fritters.
Social events become “ starvation parties” with the only
drink being water.
Civilian Aid on the Battlefield



Women sometimes dressed as men to help
with the military.
Most of the time if caught they became
spies.
Catholic nuns were among the first female
volunteers for medical duty. They were the
only group allowed to move freely between
Union and Confederate lines.
Civilian Aid on the Battlefield



Elizabeth Blackwell- 1st professionally
licensed female doctor in the United States.
Helped run the U.S. Sanitary Commission.
The U.S. Sanitary Commission: helped to
stop diseases and infections.
Clara Barton: ministered to the wounded on
the front lines of battle. Founded the
American Red Cross.
Civilian Aid on the Battlefield

Sally Louisa Tompkins: was among the
Confederate women who founded small
hospitals and clinics. She was recognized
as an officer so her hospital could be a
military hospital.
Opposition to the War




Southern:
1862 Confederacy passed the 1st
conscription, or draft, in American History.
Military volunteers were rapidly declining.
President Jefferson Davis thought the draft
was necessary.
The majority of draftees were poor farmers
and working people.
Opposition to the War



The large wealthy plantation owners did not
get drafted. This causes tension between
the North and South.
“A rich man's war and poor man's fight.”
Confederacy began to allow soldiers to pay
farmers prices far below the market value.
Opposition to the War




Northern:
Some northerners sympathized with the
South and urged peace.
Some believed that the war was too costly
in terms of money and human life.
Draft: some for some against. The ones
against raged through African American
neighborhoods destroyed property of
wealthy republicans.
Copperheads


Northern democrats who sympathized with
the Southerners. Wrote speeches and
news articles to voice their concerns.
In an attempt to stop the Copperheads
President Lincoln suspended some civil
liberties, including constitutional right of
habeas corpus—a protection against
unlawful imprisonment. Copperheads were
arrested and held with out trial.
Review
Review Section 2 Questions
Page 81