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American Studies I CP
Final Review
Answers
Chapter 11
Battle of Gettysburg

Union Victory
Vicksburg

Siege
Gettysburg Address

Lincoln reminds the nation in two mins
to honor the dead and reminds us why
we are fights to preserve union and
democracy
Election 1864

Lincoln wins
Appomattox Courthouse

Where Lee Surrenders to Grant
Grant offers fair terms and
treats Lee with respect
George Meade

Leader of the Union troops at
Gettysburg
Thomas Stonewall Jackson
Confederate General
 Killed by friendly fire

Robert E. Lee
Leader of the Army of Northern Virginia
 Great military leader
 Confederate

William T. Sherman
Union
 Burns Atlanta and marches to sea
 Breaks the morale of the South

Ulysses. S. Grant
Leader of the Union forces
 Has success out west before being
given command
 Later becomes president

Chapter 12
Reconstruction

The effort to restore southern states to
the Union
Effects of Reconstructions
Constitutional amendments expanded
rights of African Americans
 Southern farming changed to
sharecroppers and tenant farmers
 Racist attitudes continued in North and
South
 Restoration of the Union
 Rebuilding of the South’s infrastructure

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan
Was opposed by Radical Republicans
 Viewed as lenient on the South

13th Amendment

Ended slavery in the United States
14th Amendment
Established the rights of citizenship to
all born in the U.S. and provided for the
due process of law
 Protects citizens from states

15th Amendment

Stated that no citizen would be denied
the right to vote based on race, color, or
previous servitude
Black Codes
Laws that restricted the rights of African
Americans
 Curfews, land restrictions and vagrancy
laws

Ku Klux Klan’s goals were
Prevented African Americans from
exercising their political rights
 Destroying/eliminating Republican rule
in the South

Freedman’s Bureau

This provided food, clothes, medical
care and education to freed people in
the South
Carpetbaggers

Northern Republicans that moved south
after the Civil War
Sharecropper

Grows crops on land owned by
someone else and gives the landowner
a part of the annual harvest
impeach

To charge an government official with a
crime
Andrew Johnson
President who was impeached for firing
Sectary of war Stanton
 Escaped conviction by 1 vote (needed
2/3)

Rutherford B.Hayes
Became President in 1877 (compromise
of 1877)
 Removes federal troops from the south
 Ends reconstruction

Chapter 13
Characteristics of
Industrialization
Factories were unhealthy and
dangerous, wealth was in the hands of
few industrialist
 Which meant that wealth was only in
the hands of a few Americans

Robber Barons
Critical name for rich industrial leaders
 They would profit GREATLY from their
workers who earned VERY little for their
work

Samuel Morse
Invented the telegraph which was a
system of dots and dashes
 And Morse code and alphabet to use
the telegraph

Transcontinental Railroad
Connected the East coast to the West
coast
 Union and Pacific and Central Pacific

Social Darwinism
A belief that the strongest and smartest
members of society would grow rich if
the government didn’t interfere with
business
 “survival of the fittest”

Edison and Westinghouse

Helped to make electric power more
available and useful
John D. Rockefeller
Gained control over the oil industry by
creating a trust
 Standard Oil
 Worked like a monopoly but was “not”
 Different than vertical

Sherman Antitrust Act
Promoted fair industrial competition
 1890 the courts did not enforce it

Scabs
People that took workers jobs during a
strike
 Not a positive term

Chapter 14
Western expansion and
farmers

Settlers felt had a right to go west
because they produced more food and
wealth than Native Americans.
Homestead Act
Offered settlers western public land at a
cheap price
 Had to farm the land for 5 years (in a
row) to keep it

Homesteaders
Struggled for basic necessities
 Lived in soddies (sod busters)
 Farmers used new machinery
 Concerned with falling crop prices

Battle of Little Bighorn
Last major Indian victory in the west
 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes
against
 U.S. 7th Cavalry
 June 1876 in South East Montana

Wounded Knee

American soldiers killed more than 200
unarmed Lakota (Sioux) Indians in
December 1890 in South Dakota
Chief Sitting Bull
Led the Sioux in battle after the federal
government allowed miners on the
Sioux reservation
 Key Indian leader at Little Bighorn

George Armstrong Custer
Led the U.S. Cavalry at the Battle of
Little Bighorn
 Was killed
 **remember him from Gettysburg??***

Dawes Act




Divided reservation land into individual plots
Native American family heads received 160
acres
Many believed this would make Indian
families self-supporting and create pride of
ownership
But it destroyed tribal culture and led to the
loss of much reservation land
Impacts for Native
Devastated the native American
population
 Forced migration, relocation and
extermination were policies
implemented against this population
 Loss of land
 Loss of culture

Exo-dusters

African Americans that migrated to
western land to escape racial violence
they faced in the south
The Grange
Helped farmers form cooperatives
 1st national farm organization

Interstate commerce Act

Regulated railroad rates and practice
Populist Party
Fought for better conditions for farmers
and workers
 Believed in free silver
 Progressive income tax (based on what
you made)
 8 hour work day

William Jennings Bryan
A populist
 Gave the Cross of Gold Speech
 Populist/Democratic party candidate in
1896

Chapter 15
Gilded Age
Wealthy prospered but poverty and
corruption was the norm
 Business leaders influenced politics by
giving money to government officials
 Unfair business practices were common

Laissez-faire

Hands off approach by government in
business matters
Credit Mobilier
Scandal involving the railroad
 Funds were pocketed from railroad
construction overbids

Political machines
Unofficial city organization supported by
immigrants because they help them find
work, housing and offered them
protections
 Usually headed by a party boss


Took advantage of poor for political gains
Blue Laws

Local regulations that prohibit private
activity such as drinking on Sunday

**ever wonder why you can’t buy a car on
Sunday in Pa***
Spoils system

Elected officials appointed friends and
loyal supporters
Pendleton Civil Service Act
Legislation to reform the spoils system
 Established exams for government jobs

Characteristics of
immigration..late 1800s
Drawn by jobs, literacy helped them
become part of American society
 By 1890 most were from southern and
eastern Europe

Steerage

Large open area below a ships deck
where most immigrants traveled
ghetto

Areas of cities where certain ethnic and
racial groups live.
Nativist Groups
Favored native born Americans over
immigrants
 American Protective Association

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law limiting Chinese immigration into
the United States
Settlement Movement
Settlement Houses
 Main goal was to improve living
conditions for the poor
 Jane Addams and Hull house

Characteristics of urbanization
City growth
 Caused by immigration and a wave of
farmers moving back into cities
 Poor living conditions

Crime and disease



Temperance movement to eliminate alcohol.
This group supported prohibition
Purity Crusades to end Vice (immoral or
corrupt behavior) like drugs, gambling,
prostitution and other unwholesome and
illegal activities
Sanitation department to cut down on
disease in Urban areas.
Yellow Journalism

Attracted readers by printing
exaggerated news stories
Philanthropists

Wealthy individuals that fund worthy
social causes
Jim Crow Laws
Social laws intended to prevent African
Americans from exercising their rights
to vote and participate in government
 segregation

Literacy Test
Given to check if a person could read
and write
 Used to prevent African Americans from
voting

Poll Tax
Tax paid before voting
 Prevented some from voting

Grandfather clause

Put in place to allow poor whites to vote
and restrict African Americans from
voting
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court Case
 Separate but equal
 De jure segregation

NAACP
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
 Fought for civil rights

W.E.B. Du Bois
Urged African Americans to become
well educated
 Influential in NAACP

Vaudeville

An inexpensive variety show popular in
the 1870’s
Women’s Suffrage
Right to vote
 19th amendment granted this in 1020
 Colorado 1st state where women could
vote

Imperialism
Economic and political control of a
stronger nation over a weaker one
 When a stronger country makes a
colony out of a weaker

Reasons for imperialism
Social Darwinism
 Anglo-Saxonism (white man's burden)
 Opened new markets for trade
 Raw materials not available in home
country

Reason’s for Anti-Imperialism
Racist
 Un-American
 Costly
 Too much foreign competition

Annexation of Hawaii
The United States need naval stations in
the Pacific
 Sandord Dole and the U.S. Marines

President Theodore Roosevelt
Believed in an aggressive foreign policy
 Open door policy
 Big stick policy
 Worked to protect the environment
 Trust-busting
 SQUARE Deal

Spanish American War
War in Cuba and Philippines between
United States and Spain
 Cuban rebellion led to war
 Results: United States gained Puerto
Rico, Guam and the Philippines

William Randolph Hearst

Newspaper Publisher that encouraged
the use of yellow journalism
George Dewey

Admiral that led an attack in the
Philippines
Jose Marti

Exiled Cuban journalist that urged the
United States to intervene in Cuba
Rough Riders

Cavalry led by T.R. attacked San Juan
Hill in Cuba
Open door policy

Allowing open trade with China

** remember China didn’t trade freely with
the west at this period of time***
Panama Canal

Coal was to help American navy move
faster from ocean to ocean and help
global shipping
William Howard Taft
Followed dollar diplomacy
 Pursued antitrust cases

Progressive party
Bull Moose Party
 Teddy Roosevelt was nominated in 1912

Roosevelt corollary

The United States would use force to
prevent intervention in affairs of
neighboring countries
Progressive Era Beliefs

Government should be accountable to
its citizens, government becomes more
active in the lives of its citizens
Upton Sinclair

Wrote the Jungle, a book about the
meat packing industry and the lives of
immigrants
Muckrakers

Journalist that uncovered corruption in
government and business
Direct Primary

Voters cast ballots to select nominees
for upcoming elections (not a
convention)
Recall

Voters can remove public officials from
office before their term is over through
this procedure
Initiative

Citizens can propose new laws
Injunctions

Court order that stops workers from
striking
Square Deal
Progressive legislation under T.R.
legislation regulated railroads, broke
trust, protected public health and
protected the environment
 Hepburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act,
meat Inspection Act and the Forest
Service

President Wilson
Started the Federal Reserve System
($$)
 Supported labor unions
