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The
Civil War
(1861-1865)
Through
Maps, Charts,
Graphs &
Pictures
Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Beginning of the Civil War
Notes
I.
The Union Breaks
a. Lincoln wins the election of 1860 without
winning a single southern state.
b. Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina succeeds
from
the Union
i.
Over the next few weeks 6 other southern
states followed
c.February 1861 the seven southern states
meet in
Montgomery, AL and form the
Confederate
States of America.
Jefferson Davis is elected President
Richmond, VA made capital
d. Despite last ditch efforts to save the Union,
Lincoln refused offers
He was strongly against the expansion of slavery
and succession by Southern States
II.Initial military strategies
1. Both side adopt strategies that fit their
objectives and resources.
a.
Northern advantages = manpower, production
power, factories, greater food production, railroads,
strong navy
b.
Southern advantages = “King Cotton”, firstrate generals, highly motivated troops, agriculture
North vs. South in 1861
North
South
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
?
?
Rating the North & the South
Slave/Free States Population,
1861
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the South
The Union & Confederacy in 1861
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Ohio Military Service
Soldiers’ Occupations:
North/South Combined
Immigrants
as a %
of a State’s
Population
in
1860
The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
The Confederate “White House”
The Confederate Seal
MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”
A Northern View of Jeff Davis
II.Initial military strategies
1. Both side adopt strategies that fit their
objectives and resources.
a.
Northern advantages = manpower, production
power, factories, greater food production, railroads,
strong navy
b.
Southern advantages = “King Cotton”, firstrate generals, highly motivated troops, agriculture
2.Union = Anaconda Plan
a.
Naval blockade of southern ports
b.
Union moves down Mississippi River/cut
Confederacy in two
c.
Capture Confederate capital = Richmond, VA
3.Confederacy = Fight a defensive war!
Overview
of
the North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
The “Anaconda” Plan
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
George McClellan,
Again!
McClellan: I Can Do It All!
The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
III. Initial battles
1. Fort Sumter kicks off war – Confederates attack
Union fort (April 12-13, 1861)
2. Battle of Bull Run (Manassas, VA) July 21, 1861
– southern victory (Stonewall Jackson hero)
3. U.S. Grant fights on Miss. River in west (Fort
Henry & Fort Donaldson in TN) – Union victories.
Gen. Farragut seizes New Orleans
4. Battle of Shiloh (TN) – shows war would be
a bloody and long one (April 7, 1862)
- 24,000 casualties (Union 13,000 / Conf. 11,000)
5. Confederates defend Richmond move on
D.C. (Lee vs. McClellan) Spring 1862,
Seven Days Battle
6. Antietam (MD) – Sept. 17, 1862 – bloodiest
single day battle in American history – Union
victory
- 26,000 casualties (Union 12,000 / Conf. 14,000)
7. Early in Civil War North winning in the West,
Stalemate in East (South defending home).
Battle of Bull Run
(1st Manassas)
July, 1861
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
Damage on the Deck of the Monitor
War in the East: 1861-1862
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
IV. Emancipation Proclamation (9-221862)
1. Britain remains neutral
2. “My paramount objective in this struggle is to
save the union, & is not either to save or
destroy slavery”. – Abraham Lincoln
3. South used slaves to build forts, harvest food
4. On Jan.1, 1863 All Slaves in areas of
rebellion are free!
a.
b.
gives war a moral purpose
conscription – blacks join Union Army
Emancipation in 1863
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
The Southern View of Emancipation
V.
Social & Economic effects of the war
1. Blacks enlist in North in 1862 (54th Mass.)
a.
by end 180,000 blacks fought (10% of union
army)
b.slaves in south start to resist
c. Part of a greater cause now (not just the white
man’s war)
2. Women work to improve conditions
a.
U.S. Sanitary commission = 3,000 nurses
serve in union army
– (Clara Barton)
– Chance to gain more equality, rights
3.Heavy casualties & horrible living conditions
for soldiers shocks Americans.
- No glorious war
4. Economic effects
a.
North expands economy – war industry
b.
North 1st income tax to pay for war
c.
South hurting – losing plantations – food
shortages
African-American Recruiting Poster
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw
African-Americans
in Civil War Battles
Black Troops Freeing Slaves
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
(1/1/1863)
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
The North Turns the Tide of War
I. The war continues
1. Dec. ’62 Lee beats Union at Fredericksburg,
VA
2. May ’63 south wins at Chancellorsville, VA
(Stonewall Jackson dies)
3. Lee goes on the offensive into Maryland and
up into PA – Gen. Meade (union) follows
north, they meet at Gettysburg, PA
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
II. Gettysburg (three days in July)
1. July 1, 1863 Battle begins in morning when
Confederates led by A.P. Hill attack North of
town & confront John Buford and Union
troops.
a.
Buford holds despite being
outnumbered, but by end of day Union
pushed back into town.
b.
At end of day reinforcements show up
for both sides
–90,000 Union troops under command of
Gen. Meade
–75,000 Confederate troops under Robert
E. Lee
2. July 2 1863 Confederates push Union
out of Gettysburg & take control of town.
a.
Union sets up defense south of town at
Cemetery Ridge to Big Round Top (High Ground)
b.
Union forms the “fish hook” defense
(communication & quick reinforcement)
c.
Attacks by south led by Gen. James
Longstreet
Little Round Top (extreme left flank of union army)
Devil’s Den (slaughter pen/valley of death)
The Wheatfield (heaviest fighting of civil war)
The Peach Orchard (union army split in two,
pushed back to Culp’s Hill)
3. July 3, 1863 Union regains high ground at Culp’s Hill
a. Gen. Lee orders artillery barrage on center of Union
lines on Cemetery Ridge for 2 hours
b. Around 3 PM 12,500 Confederate troops charge out
of tree line at Seminary Ridge – Pickett’s Charge –
All out frontal assault on center of Union lines
Union guns fire back & devastate Confederate lines = Union
wins Battle of Gettysburg
Lee depressed, retreats to Virginia, never takes offensive
again
3 day battle claims 23,000 union soldiers dead/wounded
28,000 confederates dead/wounded
approx. 51,000 = almost as many as Vietnam (58,000)
Gettysburg Casualties
III.
U.S. Grant wins at Vicksburg, MS
1. surrounds city after Confederates refuse to
surrender and orders artillery barrages for
several hours a day
a.
Confederate soldiers and towns people out of
food and supplies = Vicksburg falls on July 4, 1863
(one of last Confed. Forts of Miss. R.)
The Gettysburg Address
2. Nov. ’63 Lincoln gives the Gettysburg
Address @ cemetery in Gettysburg
a. 2 minute speech
b. What was the main message of this ?
The War in
the West, 1863:
Vicksburg
The North Initiates
the Draft, 1863
Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC
Recruiting Blacks in NYC
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
A “Pogrom” Against Blacks
IV.
The Confederacy Wears Down
1. Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost south a lot of
manpower.
low on shoes, food, uniforms, guns, ammo = just
want to hold on now
southern morale low = troops leave to go back to
farms
Inflation in the South
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
2. Grant & Sherman wage “Total War” on south
a.
fight not only armies and gov.’t, but civilians.
Break their will to fight!
b.
May to June 1864 Grant fights with Lee in
Virginia – Grant nicknamed the “Butcher” cause he
continuously attacks despite heavy casulties
c.
Gen. Shermans’s March – destroyed every
city on path through GA to Atlantic
Burns Atlanta, Savannah – frees slaves, they join
Turns North though SC into NC to help Grant finish
Lee in VA
Sherman’s
“March
to the
Sea”
through
Georgia,
1864
d. election of 1864 Lincoln beats George
McClellan & John C. Fremont (He wins 55%
of pop vote)
e. Grant pushes from NW, Sherman from S –
Jefferson Davis & Gov.’t flee Richmond and
burn it down
1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
Presidential Election of 1864
Results
Candidate
Abraham Lincoln
Party
Electoral Votes
Republican
George B. McClellan Democratic
Popular Votes
212
2,213,665
21
1,805,237
Election of 1864 Results
The Peace Movement: Copperheads
Clement Vallandigham
1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster
Cartoon Lampoons Democratic
Copperheads in 1864
The Final Virginia Campaign:
1864-1865
f. April 9, 1865 @ Appomattox Court House Lee
& Grant meet to arrange Confederate
surrender = Civil War over, ends without
punishment to south
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
V.
Costs of War
1. Union = 360,000 men dead
2. Confederacy = 260,000 dead
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
WANTED~~!!
Now He Belongs to the Ages!
The Execution
h. Union and Reconstruction of South now
in hands of southerner and former slave
owner Andrew Johnson (VP)