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4.1 LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES & THE CIVIL WAR US HISTORY LINCOLN • Born in Kentucky: worked on a farm • Moved to Indiana: taught himself to read and write • At 21 family moved to Illinois where he became a lawyer and legislator. • Was a member of the Whig party, but after the KNA of 1854 joined the Republicans. • By 1858 he was the Republican candidate for the US Senate. DOUGLAS • AKA the little giant • Was a Democrat from the free state of Illinois. • Was the leader of the party in the US senate • Was up for re-election in 1858. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES • Lincoln sent Douglas an invitation to debate their issues to the public. • Douglas reluctantly agreed….why? • They had seven debates, in seven different cities of IL. • Douglas was fiery and passionate v. Lincoln who was humorous a well spoken. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES “HOUSE DIVIDED” • In the course of the debates Lincoln gave his famous “house divided” speech. • “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave, and half free……I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.” ELECTION RESULTS • In the 1800’s, US Senators were elected by the legislature in their state. • With no popular vote, Douglas won the election. • However, Lincoln gained national attention and the confidence to take on Douglas in the up-coming 1860 presidential election. THE ELECTION OF 1860 • Issues between Northern and Southern Politics was one key problems that afflicted the election of 1860 • The two parties: Republicans and Democrats both nominated moderates on the issue of slavery • Republicans: Abraham Lincoln • Democrats: Stephen Douglas • Southern Democrats felt that Douglas would not represent their proslavery ideals. They nominated a different candidate: John Breckinridge • After the votes came in, Lincoln had won throughout the populous northern states, thereby winning the electoral vote. THE SECESSION OF THE SOUTH • Only one month after Lincoln’s election, South Carolina announced its decision to secede from the Union; other southern states followed. • They elect Jefferson Davis as their president • Besides just Slavery, why did the South Secede? • Cultural and Economic Differences: Plantation life vs. Industrial life. • Regional Loyalties • The South had weaker nationalism throughout US history • South did not believe the North would go to war • Many Southerners believed that secession would be a peaceful and easy victory. “Cotton is King”, Britain wouldn’t allow their trade to be upset. • Battle begins at Fort Sumter: The North controlled a fort on an island just off Charleston. The South ordered Lincoln to give up the Fort; Lincoln sent food and supplies to the fort instead. THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS • After the North refused to give up Fort Sumter, the South sieged the fort. The war had begun • Within the 11 states that seceded, they formed a new government called the Confederate States of America. Northern Advantages Southern Advantages Higher Population Better strategic Position Economic Superiority Prepared for War Political Leadership Military Leadership Foreign Relations Morale: fighting for culture Railroads! (faster troops movement) Naval Superiority Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee MAP OF THE STATES AT WAR THE CIVIL WAR: FIGHTING • North’s Plan: Anaconda Plan: Surround the seceded states and prevent supplies from reaching them (War of Attrition) • South’s Plan: Defend their turf (defending is generally a better position in wars) • Battle of Bull Run: ‘Stonewall’ Jackson resisted a much larger Union force. • Battle of Antietam: In the first years of the war (18611862), the South won most important battles. Horrible losses on both sides (South had to retreat but battle was a draw) • Emancipation Proclamation (Jan, 1863): Proclaimed slaves free in the 10 states still in rebellion BATTLES CONTINUED • Battle of Gettysburg: With war supplies running low, the South’s brilliant general Robert E. Lee, Lee made an offensive move. It was a three day-long siege of the Pennsylvania Fort in Gettysburg. After the dust settled, the North was the clear victor • -Lincoln Gives Gettysburg address • William Tecumseh Sherman was ordered to march to the Sea (east) from Tennessee to Georgia. He purposefully burned civilian fields and destroyed public property; when asked why, he responded “War is Hell.” THE CONCLUSION OF THE WAR • For four years the South resisted attacks on their capital (Richmond, VA). • However, in April of 1865, the beleaguered south gave way and the Union Army marched on Richmond. • Seven days later, Lee surrendered his army to Grant at the Appomattox court house; the war was over. • “Reconstruction” begins… • 13th Amendment = Abolished Slavery • 14th Amendment = Equal Protection under the law Citizenship for slaves • 15thAmendment = Suffrage for black men HOMEWORK QUESTIONS • 1). What were the most significant strengths of the Union army? • 2). What were the most significant strengths of the Confederate Army? • 3). Where did the Civil War begin? Where did the Civil war end? • 4) What is the period after the Civil War called?