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CH 12 Reconstruction 1865 - 1877 Journal Entry – Tues. Feb 16 Read “An American Story” on page 386. What would life be like to be a freed slave during Reconstruction? Read “I know why the caged bird sings” by Maya Angelou How had things changed in the 1960’s? Sec 1 Reconstruction Plans There were two basic plans for how to bring the South back into the Union following the Civil War 2 Differing Plans - Lincoln’s Plan – A moderate policy that would reconcile the South with the Union instead of punishing it for treason - Radical Republican’s Plan – “revolutionize southern institutions, habits, and manners” Lincoln’s Plan In Dec 1863, Lincoln set forth his plan in the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Amnesty – a pardon to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the U.S. and accepted the end of slavery Radical Republicans Led by Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts. 3 Main Goals of Radical Republicans 1) prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from returning to power after the war 2) make the Republican Party powerful in the South 3) Help African Americans achieve equality under the law and the right to vote. The Freedmen’s Bureau Established in the last years of the Civil War Meant to provide food, clothing, and education for the thousands of free African Americans in the South Discussion Question Do you think Presidents Johnson and Lincoln were wise in not seeking harsh treatment for the southern states in their plans for Reconstruction? Sec 2 Congressional Reconstruction Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln’s assassination He was a former Democrat from Tennessee who had owned slaves Johnson’s reconstruction plan was much like Lincolns However, as Southern states rejoined the union, Republicans began to fear the Democrats influence in Congress Black Codes - laws passed in the South during Reconstruction to control Freedmen These along with Democrats joining Congress outraged Republicans and made them enact their own Reconstruction plans In and effort to override the Black Codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Fearing the courts might overturn it, they introduced it as the 14th Amendment Congressional Elections of 1866 Republicans achieved an overwhelming victory, winning almost a 3 – 1 majority in Congress In March 1867, Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act By 1868 six states had rejoined the union, NC, SC, FL, AL, LA, AR Also in 1868, Johnson became the first president to be impeached However, the Senate was one vote short of removing him from office. Election of 1868 Grant won the presidential election of 1868 on the Republican ticket 15th Amendment In 1870, Congress passed the 15th Amendment, saying the right to vote “shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”. Sec 3 Republican Rule As Southern politics and society changed, some began to try to profit from the change with power and money. Carpetbaggers – Northerners who moved to the South to profit from Reconstruction Scalawags –Southerners who worked with the Republicans in hopes of rising in society Former Whigs, small farm owners, businessmen Southern Politics Many educated blacks from the North served as early leaders. Former slaves soon became involved in the process. Saw success on all levels of government. Republicans also had support from poor white farmers. Reforms In the South Repealed Black Codes Medical Improvements (Hospitals, Etc.) New transportation systems Corruption African American Communities Education Public Schools (40% enrolled by 1876) Beginnings of the HBCU system Churches Southern Resistance Ku Klux Klan - started in 1866 by former confederate soldiers in Pulaski, Tenn. It’s goal was to retake the South for Democrats Enforcement Acts 1. Federal crime to interfere with voting 2. Federal elections under the supervision of federal marshals. 3. Ku Klux Klan Act Sec 4 Reconstruction Collapses Grant became president in 1868 but had little experience as a politician Scandals of Grant Second Term Whiskey Ring Credit Mobilier Tweed Ring “Boss” Tweed Reconstruction Ends By 1876 Democrats had taken back control of most of all the southern legislatures Jim Crow Laws – laws in the southern states after Reconstruction that stripped African Americans of basic rights like voting. Election of 1876 Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes for president, who won 185 electoral votes Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden, who had 184 electoral votes, one away from winning the election Hayes was deemed the winner of the election through the Compromise of 1877 The deal allowed Hayes to be named the winner in return for pulling the troops out of the South and ending reconstruction With the end of Reconstruction former slaves lost all hope to receive land of their own Most resorted to either becoming tenant farmers or share croppers Essay Question Explain the events of the Reconstruction period in terms of the competing plans, Republican control, and then the end of Reconstruction