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Reconstruction January 26, 2009 U.S. History Reconstruction • Time period following the Civil War (18651877); during which the United States began to rebuild. • Process the federal government used to readmit the defeated Confederate states to the Union. Freedmen’s Bureau Acts • 1865-66 • Legislation Passed the Act in order to help freed slaves and war refugees. • Established hospitals, schools, helped negotiate labor contract, and protect them from former masters. • The Howard School, founded in 1867 by African American Citizens of Fayetteville, NC. A Letter “To My Old Master” • Wrote in 1865 • To Master Colonel P.H. Anderson of Big Spring, Tennessee. • Author former slave Jourdon Anderson. • Binder, Frederick M. and Reimers, David M. The Way We Lived. “To My Old Master.” Page: 301-302. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. 2004. 3 Plans for Reconstruction • Lincoln, Johnson, and Members of the Congress all had different ideas about how the Reconstruction process should be handled. Lincoln’s Plan • Lenient Reconstruction Policy • December 1863 announced Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, also known as Ten Percent Plan • Pardon Confederates who would swear allegiance to the Union. When 10% of those pardon who had voted in 1860 took the oath than that state could send Representatives and Senators to Congress. Lincoln’s Plan Cont. • Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia moved toward readmission to the Union. • Lincoln’s Plan angered the Radical Republicans. • Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania. (Read about Stevens on page 193) Radical Republicans • Destroy the political power of former slaveholders. Wanted AA to be given full citizenship and right to vote. • July 1864 the Wade-Davis Bill was passed by the Radicals. • Lincoln Vetoed the bill. Johnson’s Plan • Lincoln was assassinated before he could implement his plan for Reconstruction. • May 1865 Johnson, who was Lincoln’s successor announced his plan for Reconstruction. Johnson’s Plan Cont. • Johnson’s plan called for those who were high ranking officials and those who committed crimes against POW’s would not have to take the oath under the union and would still get voting privileges. • “white men alone must manage the South.” • Seven remaining ex-Confederate states agreed to Johnson’s plan. • Johnson’s plan upset the Radicals. Johnson’s Plan Cont. • Congress refused to admit the new Southern Legislators. • Feb. 1866 Congress voted to enlarge and continue the Freedmen’s Bureau. • Congress passed Civil Rights Act of 1866. • Johnson vetoed both the Freedmen’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Act. Congressional Plan • Radical and moderate Republicans begin to work together to stop Johnson’s plan and shift the control from the executive branch to the legislature. • They overrode the vetoes in 1866. • Congress drafted the 14th Amendment. (Read on page 193-194) • Johnson advised the southern states to reject the amendment all but Tennessee rejected it. The amendment was not ratified until 1868. Congressional Plan Cont. • 1866 Republicans gain control of Congress. • Passed Reconstruction Act of 1867. This stated that Congress did not recognize state governments formed under Lincoln and Johnson’s plan---except Tennessee who ratified the 14th amendment. • Johnson vetoed the Reconstruction legislation but Congress overrode the veto. Kentucky in 1860 and 1870 • http://www.pbs.org/wg bh/amex/reconstruction /states/sf_states_pop_k y.htmlAmerican Experience | Reconstruction: The Second Civil War Johnson Impeachment • • • • • • • • Radicals wanted Johnson out. Secretary of War Edwin Staton removed from office. Tenure of Office Act House– 11charges of impeachment; 9 of which based on the violation of Tenure of Office Act. March 1868 11 weeks Not predictable Vote 35 to 19– one vote short of the 2/3rd majority which was needed to convict Johnson. Ulysses S. Grant Elected • • • • Civil War Hero Won by 310,000 votes 500,000 Southern AA voted, majority voted for Grant. ????? Introduced 15th Amendment; ratified by the states in ?????? • Republican dominated governments • 1870 Confederate states complete the process to be back in the Union. Reconstruction did NOT end. Conditions in Post-War South • Economic Struggle • Property plummeted in value. Many small farms ruined. • Confederate Bounds • Population devastated 1/5th of adult white males died in the war Ten of thousands Southern AA also died. Conditions in Post-War South • Public work programs—repair physical damage and provide social services. • Economic problems were most difficult to change. Southern governments raised taxes! Politics in the Post-War South • 3 groups in South make up the Republican Party—scalawags, carpetbaggers, and African Americans. • Scalawags • Carpetbaggers • African Americans—voting rights – 8 out of 10 support the Republican party. Politics in the Post-War South • Look on page 195 at the Political cartoon • Lack of unity in the Republican party • Republican governors start to appoint white Democrats to office. • White Southerners refuse to accept blacks’ new status. Former Slaves Improve their Lives • What were slaves to do? – No land, no jobs, no tools, no money, and little skills besides farming. How would former slaves get food, clothing, and were would they live? Southern cities populations doubled due to slaves migrating to the cities to find jobs. Former Slaves Improve their Lives • Many AA wanted an education and due to the Freedmen’s Bureau Act they could receive an education. • AA founded their own churches. Blacks in Reconstruction • Voted • Held office in local, state, and federal governments. • Out of 125 southerners elected to Congress 16 were AA. –Hiram Revels was the 1st AA to be Senator. Blacks in Reconstruction • 1871 Texas passed a law prohibiting railroads from making distinctions between groups of passengers. • Many of these laws were not enforced. • Property 40 Acres and A Mule • 1865 General Sherman promised former slaves who followed his army, 40 acres per family and the use of army mules. • 40,000 freed slaves settled on 400,000 acres in Georgia and South Carolina. 40 Acres and A Mule • Forty Acres and a Mule • As Union soldiers advanced through the South, tens of thousands of freed slaves left their plantations to follow Union general William Tecumseh Sherman's army. • To solve problems caused by the mass of refugees, Sherman issued Special Field Orders, No. 15, a temporary plan granting each freed family forty acres of tillable land on islands and the coast of Georgia. The army had a number of unneeded mules which were also granted to settlers. • News of "forty acres and a mule" spread quickly; freed slaves welcomed it as proof that emancipation would finally give them a stake in the land they had worked as slaves for so long. • The orders were in effect for only one year. 40 Acres and A Mule • In the Field, Savannah, Georgia, January 16th, 1865. • Special Field Orders, No. 15. • I. The islands from Charleston, south, the abandoned rice fields along the rivers for thirty miles back from the sea, and the country bordering the St. Johns river, Florida, are reserved and set apart for the settlement of the negroes now made free by the acts of war and the proclamation of the President of the United States. • In August of 1865 Johnson ordered that original landowners reclaim their land. • Thaddeus Stevens believed former slaves deserved part of that land. His plan failed. Restoration of Plantations • Planter class wanted to restore the plantation system. • Planters wanted almost complete control over their laborers. • Many AA refused to work in the fields. • White planters did not want former slaves acquiring their own land. Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • Many former slaves were economically forced to become sharecroppers. • Sharecropping http:// • Tenant Farming • Sharecropping contract • Sharecropping and Tenant Farming Collapse of Reconstruction • Some whites refused to register to vote. • Whites formed violent groups to intimidate AA. • Ku Klux Klan –most notorious and widespread. The groups goals were to destroy the Republican party ,throw out the Reconstruction governments, to aid the planter class, and to prevent AA from exercising their political rights. • Killed several thousand men, women, and children. Some were whites who wanted to help AA but the majority were AA. Collapse of Reconstruction • Congress passed a series of Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871. • May 1872 Congress passed the Amnesty Act. • Freedmen’s Bureau Act expires • Southern Democrats regain political power. Scandals and Money Crises Hurts Republicans • Scandals in North takes attention away from the South. • Grant, who was elected to a second term in 1872, was never found guilty of wrong doings. • Grants appointees were dishonest • Scandals involved Grants vice-president, private secretary, and secretary of war. Scandals and Money Crises Hurts Republicans • • • • • Bank failures—Panic of 1873 Five Year Depression Dispute of Currency Currency from paper back to gold Economy improves in 1879 Democrats “Redeem” the South • “Redemption” –what the Democrats called their return to power. • Election of 1876 between Rutherfod B. Hayes (Rep.) and Samuel J. Tilden (Dem.). • Gov. Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote but didn’t carry the electoral votes. • The commission gave Hayes the win. Democrats “Redeem” the South • Republicans struck a deal with Southern Democrats not to delay the approval of Hayes. • COMPROMISE OF 1877 In the deal Southern Democrats got the removal of federal troops in Louisiana and South Carolina. Hayes was then peacefully inaugurated. This compromise meant the END of Reconstruction in the South. The End of Reconstruction • Congress didn’t protect the rights of AA. • 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments help lie the foundation to the 20th century civil rights legislation. • AA—in reconstruction voted, held political office, and made important achievements. • Most white Americans put Reconstruction behind them and turned their attention to the expansion on the western frontier.