Download File road to civil war2

Sectionalism
Issue: Should the price of Western land be
High or Low?
North: HIGH
This would
prevent
northern
workers from
moving out
west in search
of land.
South: LOW
Low prices
would make it
easier to spread
slavery and
expand the
cotton industry.
Replace land
worn out from
farming.
West: LOW
Low prices
would
encourage
people to
come and
settle the
west.
Sectionalism
Issue: Should Workers be Free Men or
Slaves?
North: FREE
South: SLAVE
Workers should
be free men and
have the ability to
select the
occupation they
are best suited
for. Slave labor
would be a threat
to the working
man
Slave labor is
necessary to do the
hard work of
producing cotton, The
south’s “White Gold”.
Owners argued that
without slavery they
would be unable to
hire enough workers
to harvest cotton
West: FREE
Workers in the
west do not
want slave
labor in their
section. Slave
labor would
steal jobs away
from free
whites.
Sectionalism
Issue: Should the U.S. have a High or Low
protective tariff?
North: HIGH
South: LOW
West: HIGH
Tariffs would
protect northern
businesses by
increasing the
prices of foreign
imports.
This results in
more people
purchasing
American-made
goods.
High U.S. tariffs
would cause other
nations to have
higher taxes on
Southern farm
goods which
would cut into their
profits.
Low tariffs would
keep farming costs
down.
Money raised by
the tariffs could be
used to build
roads and bridges
which would allow
farmers in the
west to transport
their raw materials
to Northeastern
factories. This
would enable
them to make
more money.
Sectionalism
Issue: Should the U.S. make Internal
Improvements (Bridges + Roads)?
Yes or NO
North: YES
Better roads
would allow
them to sell
their goods out
in the west and
receive raw
materials from
the West.
South: NO
West: YES
Money spent
would empty the
treasury and
would cause the
government to
raise taxes,
resulting in more
costs for Southern
plantation owners.
Better roads
would allow
western farmers
to sell their
goods to the
northeast and
increase access
to manufactured
goods from the
Northeast.
Sectionalism
Issue: Should the U.S. increase the supply
of money, ultimately causing inflation.?
North: NO
Northerners
were often
money lenders.
Increasing the
supply of money
would lessen the
value of each
dollar that will be
repaid on loans.
South: YES
Farmers were
often in debt.
Greater supply
of money would
enable them to
inflate prices
and pay off
debts faster.
West: YES
More money
in circulation
would make it
easier for
Westerners to
pay off their
debts.
Sectionalism: Loyalty to one’s
sectional interests
• 1. Who is the man in the cartoon?
• 2. What are the different regions shown in the cartoon?
• 3. What are the economic ways of life of each of these regions?
• 4. What is happening to the man in the cartoon?
The Bottom Line
• As you can see the North and South differed on
these five important issues.
• This led to a power struggle between these two
sections of the nation.
• The section that controlled the federal
government would be able to set economic
policy that would affect the very livelihood of the
other.
• Political power became crucial to their economic
interests.
The Missouri Question - Northerners were against adding
Missouri to the union as a slave state because it would disrupt the
balance of power in Congress between slave and free states.
Balance of Free
and Slave States
(1819)
Original 13 States
Illinois (1818)
Indiana (1816)
Alabama (1819)
Mississippi (1817)
Ohio (1803)
Vermont (1791)
Rhode Island
Louisiana (1812)
Tennessee (1796)
Kentucky (1792)
New York
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Connecticut
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Free States
Georgia
Delaware
Slave States
Balance of Free and Slave States (1821)
Missouri
Compromise
• Missouri was
admitted to the
union as a slave
state, and Maine
was admitted as a
free state.
Original 13 States
Maine (1820)
Illinois (1818)
Indiana (1816)
Ohio (1803)
Missouri (1821)
Alabama (1819)
Mississippi (1817)
Louisiana (1812)
Vermont (1791)
Rhode Island
New York
New Hampshire
Tennessee (1796)
Kentucky (1792)
Virginia
North Carolina
Massachusetts
Connecticut
South Carolina
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Free States
Georgia
Delaware
Slave States
• An imaginary line was drawn across the southern border of
Missouri at the latitude 36 30'N.
36 , 30’
• Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase
south of the 36 , 30'N.
• Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouri.
Sectionalism – loyalty to a state or
section rather than to the whole country.
Free
States
Original
13
States
California (1850)
Wisconsin (1848)
Iowa (1846)
Michigan (1837)
Maine (1820)
Texas (1845)
Florida (1845)
Arkansas (1836)
Missouri (1821)
Illinois (1818)
Alabama (1819)
Indiana (1816)
Mississippi (1817)
Ohio (1803)
Louisiana (1812)
Vermont (1791)
Tennessee (1796)
Rhode Island
Kentucky (1792)
New York
Virginia
New Hampshire
North Carolina
Massachusetts
South Carolina
Connecticut
Maryland
New Jersey
Georgia
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Slave
States
Compromise of 1850
I. California became a free state.
II. The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into two
parts; Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM).
* people in UT and NM used popular sovereignty (a vote of
the people) to decide on the slavery issue
III. The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
IV. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed.
Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Law
• All Americans, by law, were
required to help catch
runaway slaves.
• You could be fined and/or
imprisoned for helping a
runaway slave.
• This law infuriated
northerners!
Cazenovia, MA, Fugitive
Slave Law Convention held
on 21 and 22 August 1850;
Frederick Douglass is seated
at the right side of the table.
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
1852
 Sold 300,000 copies in
the first year.
 2 million in a decade!
Impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• The book portrays slavery from a slave’s
perspective.
• Broke down the stereotype that slaves were a
sub-human, animal-like race.
• Showed slaves as caring people with the same
feelings and emotions as whites.
• Convinced many in the North that slavery was
evil and must be abolished.
• Southerners call the book a “pack of lies” and
become more determined to defend slavery.
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
(1811 – 1896)
So this is the lady who
started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Kansas-Nebraska Act
II. The people of each territory voted on whether or not to
allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)
* The Kansas-Nebraska Act violated the Missouri
Compromise. Both territories were north of 36 , 30’ N and
should NOT have been allowed to have slaves.
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854
ß In response to the passage of the KansasNebraska Act, the Republican party was
formed.
ß Party platform:
ßFree Labor
ßFree Soil
ßFree Men
ßOpposed the expansion of slavery into
the territories of the west.
“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
* In 1856, an abolitionist named John Brown murdered five
proslavery men.
* Over 200 people died in the fighting that followed.
The abolitionist John Brown lived
in Osawatomie, Kansas
Territory. Brown and his sons
were responsible for the brutal
murder of several proslavery men
near Pottawatomie, Kansas. The
men were called out of their
homes at night and hacked to
death with swords. This was just
one of many incidents that earned
Kansas Territory the name of
"Bleeding Kansas.”
“Bleeding Kansas”
Before the vote on slavery:
• Northerners crossed the
border to keep KS a free
state.
• Southerners crossed the
border to make KS a slave
state.
• Both sides claimed
victory on the vote!
Kansas became a free state
in 1861
“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sen. Charles Sumner
(R-MA)
Congr. Preston Brooks
(D-SC)
On May 19, 1856, Senator Charles Sumner, a Massachusetts
antislavery Republican, was attacked by Congressmen
Preston Brooks. Sumner was speaking out against ProSlavery senators and Brooks took exception.
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. (MO)
Dred Scott
Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Scott and his owner moved to Wisconsin for four years.
Dred Scott
Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
• Scott’s owner died after returning to Missouri.
Dred Scott
Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:
* Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that he should be a
free man since he lived in a free territory (WI) for four years.
Dred Scott
SUPREME COURT
DECISIONS:
Q: Was Scott a U.S.
citizen with the right to
sue?
A: NO
Q: Did living in a free
territory make Scott a
free man?
A: NO
Q: Did Congress have
the right to outlaw
slavery in any territory?
A: NO
RESULTS: • Dred Scott was not given his freedom.
• The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional.
•Southerners viewed the decision as a victory and refused to
accept any limitations on slavery in the territories
Open to
slavery
through
popular
sovereignty
(Compromise
of 1850)
Missouri Compromise line is declared
unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)
Open to
slavery
through
popular
sovereignty
(KS-NE
Act)
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)
Debates, 1858
A House divided against
itself, cannot stand.
Lincoln – Douglas
Debates
In 1858, Abraham
Lincoln challenged
incumbent Stephen
Douglas for his seat in
the Senate.
(Incumbent – the holder
of an office or position)
Abraham Lincoln (left) and
Stephen Douglas (right)
Lincoln – Douglas
Debates
Stephen Douglas:
• Lincoln was wrong for
wanting to limit the
expansion of slavery.
• If Lincoln tried to end
slavery, the U.S. could
face a civil war.
• Douglas believed that
each territory should be
able to decide on its’
own whether or not to
allow slavery by using
popular sovereignty.
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Abraham Lincoln:
• Lincoln believed that slavery was
evil and should be kept out of the
territories.
• Lincoln believed that African
Americans were guaranteed “life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”,
as stated in the Declaration of
Independence.
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Results:
• Douglas won the election by a slim margin.
• However, Lincoln became well known throughout the nation.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Video (2:13)
John Brown’s Raid
on Harper’s Ferry, 1859
John Brown’s Raid:
• In 1859, John Brown
and his followers seized
a federal arsenal in
Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
•Part of a bigger plan to
start a national slave
rebellion.
John Brown in August,
1859.
Engine house at Harpers Ferry.
Marines storm the engine house.
• Brown was caught and sentenced to death by hanging.
Brown as a wounded prisoner after his capture.
Brown being carried from court to prison.
"Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life
for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my
blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country
whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust
enactments, I say, let it be done."
--John Brown, statement at his sentencing on Nov. 2, 1859
Last Moments of
John Brown
(painting by Thomas
Hovenden)
The hanging of John Brown.
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
Mural in the Kansas Capitol building
by John Steuart Curry (20c)
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Stephen A. Douglas
Northern Democrat
1860
Presidential
Election
John Bell
Constitutional Union
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
Republican Party Platform in 1860
ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. Free
Homesteads for Farmers.
ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a
disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].
ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
1860
Election
Results
Election of 1860:
Main Candidates
Abraham
Lincoln
(Republican)
John
Breckinridge
(Southern
Democrat)
Stephen
Douglas
(Northern
Democrat)
John Bell
(Constitutional
Union)
* Lincoln won the election.
Secession!:
SC Dec.
20, 1860
Secession:
• In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded
from the Union in 1861, forming the Confederate States of
America.
Original Confederate flag
Eventual Confederate flag
Fort Sumter
• Fort Sumter,
South Carolina,
was important
because it
guarded
Charleston harbor
• Therefore, the
Confederates
attacked,
defeating the
Union soldiers.
* The Civil War had now begun!
Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor
12 and 13, 1861
April
Fort Sumter, S.C., April 4, 1861, under the Confederate flag.
Civil War: Union v. Confederacy
• Jefferson Davis was
named the president of
the Confederacy.