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Chapter 11: The Civil War Christina Burk Section 1 The Call to Arms Taking Sides in the War • Two days after Fort Sumter’s surrender, President Lincoln declared that a rebellion existed in the South. • He asked the nation’s governors to raise 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion. • Across the North, young men eagerly volunteered. Support was so widespread that governors begged to send more troops than the President had requested. More States Secede • The president’s call for troops led more southern states to secede. • Virginia left the Union. • However, the western counties of Virginia, where there was little support for slavery, refused to secede. • These 50 counties were admitted to the Union as the state of West Virginia. The Border States • Loyalties remained divided in the border states–slave states that did not secede. • Delaware had few enslaved people, and its support of the union was strong. • Many people in Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland favored the South. • Kentucky and Missouri were important in controlling the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. • Unless the Union could hold Maryland, Washington would be surrounded by the Confederacy. Kentucky • Kentucky declared itself neutral, or not favoring either side. • Union generals wanted to occupy Kentucky, but Lincoln refused. He feared that such a move would push the state to secede. • When Confederate forces invaded it, Kentucky decided to support the North. Missouri • The President acted forcefully to hold Missouri and Maryland. • When Missouri’s government sided with the South, Union supporters set up their own state government. • Fighting broke out within the state. • Lincoln sent troops, and the state stayed in the Union throughout the war. Maryland • Southern sympathizers destroyed railroad and telephone lines. • Lincoln placed eastern Maryland under martial law. This is a type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens’ rights are suspended. • Maryland officials and others suspected of disloyalty were jailed without trials. Southern Advantages • To win, northern armies would have to invade and conquer the South. • Confederates would be fighting on their own territory, with help from the local people. • Most of the nation’s experienced military officers were southerners. • The Confederacy's top three generals– Albert Johnston, Joseph Johnston, and Robert E. Lee–all had resigned from the U.S. Army to fight for the South. Northern Advantages • The North had a bigger population, and the majority of the factories (110,000). • The North had twice as much railroad track and almost twice as much farmland. • With more resources, the North was able to field, feed, and equip larger armies. South’s Strategy • The South’s strategy was simpler. The Confederates did not need to invade the North. • They only had to defend their land until northerners got tired of fighting. • The Confederates sought aid from Britain and other European nations. • They hoped that Britain’s need of cotton for its textile mills would force the British to support the South. North’s Strategy • To isolate the Confederacy, Lincoln had the navy blockade southern seaports. • A blockade is a military action to prevent traffic from coming into an area or leaving it. • Lincoln hoped to cut off the South’s supply of manufactured goods and block overseas sales of cotton. • An important part of the strategy was to gain control of the Mississippi River, and seize Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. Americans Against Americans • This war between Americans broke families apart, setting brother against brother, father against son. • The soldiers came from many backgrounds. Nearly half of the North’s troops were farmers. One forth were immigrants. • Three fourths of the South’s 1 million white males between ages 18 and 45 served in the army. • Two thirds of the 3.5 million northern males of the same age fought for the Union. • Some soldiers were as young as 14. First Battle of Bull Run • Union General McDowell’s 30,000 men left Washington and marched southwest into Virginia. • About the same number of Confederates waited at Manassas, a railroad center about 25 miles away. • Thomas Jackson got the name “Stonewall” Jackson. • The battle turned in favor of the Confederates, and the poorly trained Union troops began to panic. • They fled back to Washington.The Confederates were too exhausted to pursue them. A Soldier’s Life • Most soldiers spent three fourths of their time in camp, not fighting. • Training took up to 10 hours a day. • When not training, soldiers stood guard, wrote home, and gathered firewood. • A meal might be simply a dry, cracker-like product called hardtack. Harsh Conditions • Camp conditions were often miserable. • The lack of clean water was a major health threat. • Outbreaks of diseases–smallpox, typhoid fever–swept through the ranks. • It was not unusual for half the men in a regiment to be too sick to fight. Prisoners of War • Overcrowded prison camps became deathtraps. Nearly 10 percent of soldiers who died in the war perished in prison camps. • Camps cut rations to bread and water, forcing prisoners to eat rats to survive. • As many as 100 prisoners died each day, usually from starvation or exposure. Section 2 Early Years of the War New Technology in the War • New weapons made the Civil War more deadly than any previous war. • New rifles and cannons were far more accurate and had a greater range than the old muskets and artillery. • Thousands of soldiers on both sides were slaughtered by following orders to cross open fields against these deadly new weapons. Ironclads • Both sides also made use of ironclads. These were warships covered with protective iron plates. • The Union’s Monitor and the Confederacy’s Merrimack, fought to a draw in March 1862. • The Confederates used ironclads against the Union’s naval blockade. • Ironclad Union gunboats played an important role in the North’s efforts to gain control of the Mississippi River. The War in the East • Lincoln put General George McClellan in command. • For seven months he trained his army but did not attack. • When he was finally ready, he moved some 100,000 soldiers toward the capital. He discovered that his force was far more superior to the 15,000 enemy soldiers blocking the way. • However, McClellan did not have as many troops as he wanted. • McClellan waited nearly a month before moving again. • This delay gave the Confederates time to reinforce their small army of defenders. • The Confederates stopped McClellan’s advance towards Richmond. In late June, McClellan had to retreat. • Lee decided to invade the North. He slipped his army into western Maryland. • McClellan had a stoke of luck–found a paper showing Lee’s battle plan. McClellan learned that the Confederate army had divided into two parts. The Battle of Antietam • McClellan’s troops attacked the larger part of Lee’s army at Antietam Creek. • This was the bloodiest day of the civil war. The Union suffered about 12,000 causalities–persons killed, wounded, or missing in action. • Lee lost 14,000 men, and was forced to pull his battered army back into Virginia. • McClellan did not pursue them. • Neither side won a clear victory–because Lee ordered a retreat, the North claimed victory. The War in the West • General Grant took chances, unlike McClellan. • Grant seized control of most of the Mississippi River. He captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River, and then captured Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. • Before Grant could advance on Corinth, Confederate General Johnston attacked. He surprised Grant’s troops at Shiloh Church. The Battle of Shiloh • The South suffered nearly 11,000 casualties and the North more than 13,000. • The Union forced the Confederate army to withdraw from the railroad center. • Union forces also gained control of western Tennessee and part of the Mississippi River. • Two weeks after the battle, an army led by David Farragut captured New Orleans, Louisiana.