Download Chapter 16 Booklet

Chapter 16 Booklet
Essential Question: What events, leaders, and strategies shaped the early years of the war?
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War Erupts (The Civil War Begins) – Lesson 1
Key Question: What were the strategies of the North and South?
First Shots at Fort Sumter
As Southern states seceded, they took over most federal forts within their borders.
President Lincoln wondered what to do about forts still under federal control. Fort Sumter in
Charleston was running out of supplies. Lincoln faced a difficult decision. If he sent supplies, he
risked a war. If he surrendered the fort, he would be giving in to the rebels.
Lincoln decided to send supply ships. But because he did not want to start a war, he
notified the leaders of the Confederacy.
Confederate troops attacked the fort before the supply ships arrived. They opened fire on
April 12, 1861. After enduring 34 hours of shelling, the fort commander surrendered. The attack
on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of the Civil War.
Preparing for Battle
There were 24 Union states and 11 states in the Confederacy. The Confederates started
with a defensive strategy, then used a mix of defensive and offensive strategy, invading the
North several times. The Northern strategy was to invade and conquer the South. To do this, the
North planned to strangle the South’s economy like a giant anaconda snake. The North’s
Anaconda Plan called for:
 A naval blockade of the South’s coastline.
 Taking control of the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy in two.
 Capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia
Battle of Bull Run
For the North to take the Confederate capital at Richmond the Union army would first
have to defeat Confederate troops stationed at Manassas, Virginia, near Washington, D.C.
On July 16, 1861, Union forces attacked near a creek called Bull Run. The Union forces
soon drove back the Confederates. However, a Confederate regiment led by Thomas J. Jackson
stopped the Union advance.
The Confederate victory thrilled the South and shocked the North. It became clear that it
would be a long, bloody war. After Bull Run, Lincoln called for a real army of 500,000
volunteers for three years.
War Erupts (The Civil War Begins) – Lesson 1
Key Question: What were the strategies of the North and South?
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First Shots at Fort Sumter
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Preparing for Battle
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c. Anaconda Plan
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Battle of Bull Run
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Life in the Army (The Civil War Begins) – Lesson 2
Key Question: What difficulties did soldiers face?
Civilians Become Soldiers
On both sides volunteers rushed to enlist, or join the army. Most soldiers in the Civil War
were between 18 and 30 years of age. They came from all over America. Many were German
and Irish immigrants. African Americans wanted to fight. They saw the war as a way to end
slavery. At first, neither side accepted them. Later, the North finally took African Americans in
its ranks.
About 2 million men served in the Union army. Less than 1 million served in the
Confederacy. Some men enlisted out of loyalty to their state or country. Some wanted glory and
excitement. Others joined for the money.
A New Kind of War
Military camps on both sides were filthy. Soldiers often went weeks without bathing or
washing their clothes. More soldiers died from disease than on the battlefield.
New and improved weapons, such as rifles and minié balls, caused many casualties.
These new weapons forced soldiers to change battle strategies. They learned to stay low to avoid
enemy fire. They dug trenches for protection.
Technology also changed naval warfare. Ironclads – naval warships covered with iron –
were faster and better protected than conventional warships. In March 1862, off the coast of
Virginia, a Union ironclad named the Monitor, fought a Confederate ironclad, the Merrimack.
The battle ended in a draw.
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Civilians Become Soldiers
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A New Kind of War
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No End in Sight (The Civil War Begins) – Lesson 3
Key Question: What were some important victories of the North and South?
Union Victories in the West
In 1861, Lincoln made Ulysses S. Grant the Union general in the West. In February 1862,
Grant’s forces captured two Confederate river forts. One was Fort Henry on the Tennessee River.
This opened up river travel into the South.
Confederate troops surprised Union forces near Shiloh Church, Tennessee. The Battle of
Shiloh was fierce. Receiving fresh troops during the night, Grant led an attack at dawn. He
forced the tired Confederate troops to retreat. Casualties on both sides were high.
Union admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans, the largest city in the South. This
victory gave the Union control of more of Mississippi. The Union was now very close to its goal
of cutting the Confederacy in two.
Southern Success in the East
General George S. McClellan was Lincoln’s commander in the East. In 1862,
McClellan’s troops advanced toward the Confederate capital at Richmond. As Union forces
came within site of the city, General Robert E. Lee led an attack on McClellan’s army. The two
sides classed in the Seven Days’ Battles. Both sides suffered heavy losses, but Lee’s army won.
After the Confederates won a second victory at Bull Run, Lee decided to invade
Maryland. But McClellan had found his plans.
McClellan went on the attack. The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day in American
history. Lee withdrew to Virginia. McClellan did not follow, missing a chance to finish off Lee’s
army. Lincoln fired McClellan.
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Union Victories in the West
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Southern Success in the East
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