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Chapter 2
RECONSTRUCTION is…
• REBUILDING the South
– After the destruction of the Civil War
• REBUILDING the Union
– Readmitting the Southern states
• REBUILDING Southern society
– Giving rights to blacks – freedom,
citizenship, voting
LINCOLN’S 10% PLAN
• #2 - Lincoln wanted to be lenient
– AMNESTY (a pardon) to all Southerners
who take a loyalty oath to the U.S. (THE
ENEMY THEY JUST LOST TO!)
– When 10% of a state’s voters take the
oath, the state can be readmitted.
– Before readmission, the state must also
abolish slavery.
So… why was Lincoln’s death the greatest tragedy for the South?
Johnson’s Plan - #3
Presidential Reconstruction
• Pardoned thousands of Southerners – allowed
them to regain their property lost during the
war and their citizenship
• A Southerner who did NOT consider blacks
equal to whites
• States must RATIFY 13TH Amendment to be
readmitted
• States did NOT have to ratify the 15th Amend.
Johnson’s Plan - #4
Presidential Reconstruction
• Under Johnson’s plan, many former
Confederate leaders were able to regain
control of southern governments
• Southern states soon started trying to
withhold the right to vote from newly
freed black men
• They began passing the Black Codes
BLACK CODES - #4
(based on former Slave Codes)
• Purpose: to keep former slaves oppressed
• Restrictions for freedmen:
– Can’t vote; can’t hold office
– Can’t serve on juries or testify against whites
– Can’t own guns; can’t own land
– Can’t go to school
– Must have a job or go to jail
- So, many wound up working on the same land …..
RADICAL REPUBLICAN PLAN
FOR RECONSTRUCTION
• #5 - Led by Rep. Thaddeus Stevens
• Wanted to punish the South for starting the war and
keeping it going for so long
• OUTRAGED by the South’s use of Black Codes
• Goal: guarantee full and complete equal rights to
blacks – citizenship and the right to vote
• Gave greater power to the Freedmen’s Bureau and
passed a Civil Rights Act to prohibit discrimination
FREEDMAN’S
BUREAU
• #6 – Freedman’s Bureau was similar to a welfare agency.
• Its task was to provide aid to the newly freed blacks and
help them adjust to their freedom
– Food, clothing
– Assistance in finding jobs, getting homes, etc.
• Most important contribution is in EDUCATION
– Trained teachers
– Began many black schools
Military
Reconstruction Act
• #7 – Act passed by the Radical Republicans
• Divides South into 5 military districts
• Requires each state to adopt a new constitution
which gave black males the right to vote and
required each state to ratify the 14th amendment.“
READMISSION TO THE UNION
• #8 – TENNESSEE
IS THE FIRST
SOUTHERN
STATE TO BE
READMITTED
TO THE UNION
IN 1866.
The Civil War Amendments - #9
• 13th Amendment
– FREED all former slaves; abolished
slavery nationwide
• 14th Amendment
– MEN … former slaves are granted
citizenship & equal protection of laws
• 15th Amendment
– VOTE … black men got right to vote.
IMPEACHMENT OF
PRESIDENT JOHNSON
• #10 – Radical Republicans want to get rid of Johnson and
passed an act they knew he would violate
• Tenure of Office Act - limited Johnson’s ability to fire
cabinet members; Johnson fired one anyway (Sec. of War)
• House of Representatives votes to impeach him. (“Impeach”
= accuse)
• Trial held in the Senate - he was acquitted (found innocent)
by ONE vote and so was not kicked out of office.
• BUT, he really has no power for the rest of his term.
CARPETBAG
GOVERNMENTS
• #11 - Carpetbaggers were Northern Republicans who came
South during Reconstruction and held office in the new
Southern governments
• A derogatory term – meant they were poor whites who could
fit all their belongings into one bag & came to take advantage
of the South
• Scalawags were Southerners who supported Reconstruction
• Carpetbag gov’ts had reputation for corruption BUT did
build many schools and help rebuild the South
Southern Resistance
• #12 - Ku Klux Klan
• Starts in TN
• Targeted blacks,
carpetbaggers, teachers in
black schools, Radical
Republicans
• Used LYNCHING to establish
control
Economic Reconstruction:
Sharecropping
• # 13 - Sharecropper – Freedmen who farmed land
owned by someone else (former masters in most cases)
in return for a share of the profit from the crops
• Cropper got a cabin, mule, tools, and small plot of
land to farm
• If cropper owed money to landowner for cash loans,
use of tools, fertilizer, etc. he couldn’t leave until the
debt was paid off --- known as “debt peonage”
#14 - System keeps blacks trapped on plantations:
• Got charged up to 40% interest on supplies purchased
(fertilizer, food for farm animals, etc.)
• Fall into debt & trapped on land until debts paid
GRANT AS PRESIDENT
• #15 - Elected in 1868 & 1872
• Civil war hero who saved the
Union! But ..... a
• TERRIBLE PRESIDENT
• Scandals & massive
corruption during his
administration!
Reconstruction Ends
• #16 - Tilden (D) had more popular votes than
Hays (R) and should have won BUT there are
disputed votes in 3 states so a compromise has to
to be worked out.
• COMPROMISE OF 1877:
– North gets the Presidency - Hayes, the
Republican, is declared President
– South gets U.S. troops removed from the South
• RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER!!!
THE NEW SOUTH
• Does NOT mean that it is
good for African Americans
• It is the period known as the
nadir in race relations
• #17 - African Americans
deprived of 14th & 15th
Amendment rights
#18 -METHODS USED TO
DENY VOTING RIGHTS
• Literacy Tests
– To check reading ability; blacks got harder test than whites and failed
• Poll Taxes
– Had to pay to vote
• Grandfather Clauses
– IF your grandfather could vote at the end of the Civil War, you could be
exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes …
• The KKK
– Intimidated African American voters and kept them from coming to the
voting polls
SO, who will get elected into Southern governments?
THE NEW SOUTH
• #19 -New Southern governments
quickly passed Jim Crow Laws
– laws to segregate the South
• SEGREGATION = SEPARATION BY RACE
• 1896, Supreme Court upheld segregation
in Plessy v. Ferguson
• Was there segregation in the North also?
POSITIVE CHANGES IN THE
NEW SOUTH
• Other crops besides cotton,
tobacco, rice get started –
fruits, vegetables
• #20 - SOME industry gets
started:
– TEXTILES (Cotton mills)
• BUT, only 6% of South is
actually involved in industry