Download Reconstruction (1865-1876) - US History-

President Lincoln’s Plan
10% Plan
* When
10% of the voting
population in the 1860 election
had taken an oath of loyalty and
established a government, it
would be recognized.
* Believed
punishment would only
delay healing the Union
* Pardon
to all but the highest
ranking military and civilian
Confederate officers.
Radicals’ Plan
 Considered Lincoln’s plan too mild
 Wade-Davis Bill
Senator
Thaddeus
Stevens
Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters
to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance
(swearing they had never voluntarily aided the
rebellion ).
Required a state constitutional convention
before the election of state officials (only
white males who did not fight could
participate)
Charles
Sumner
Former confederates were barred from
office
New state constitutions had to ban slavery
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and
those with property over $20,000 (they could
apply directly to Johnson)
Allowed only loyal, pardoned whites to vote for
delegates
He opposed African Americans having equal
rights or the vote
Growing Northern Alarm!
 Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of
minimum requirements.
 Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
2) Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Helped blacks adjust to
freedom
 Distributed food and
clothing
 Provided medical services
 Set up schools
3) How did states get back to
the Union?
Had to denounce secession and
end slavery
Ratify the 13th Amendment
4) Why did many Republicans
not want Southern reps in
Congress?
Many Republicans opposed
readmitting the South on such
easy terms
5) Black Codes
 Laws aimed at controlling
freed men and women
 Permitted plantation owners
to exploit black workers and
allowed officials to arrest
and fine jobless blacks
 Banned blacks from
owning/renting farms
5) How were Black Codes
Challenged?
 Freedmen's Bureau Courts
 Civil Rights Bill of 1866
Made blacks full citizens
and gave the fed gov the
right to intervene in state
affairs to protect blacks
Congress Breaks with the President
 February, 1866  President
vetoed the Freedmen’s
Bureau bill.
 March, 1866  Johnson
vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights
Act.
 Congress passed both bills
over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in
U. S. history!!
6) Radical Reconstruction
 A time when Republicans in congress
took control and Pres Johnson could
do little to stop them because
Congress could easily override him
7) Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Military Reconstruction Act
*
Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment
*1)
Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into
5 military districts, each under control of a
military commander
*2)
Guaranteed black males the right to vote
*3)
Prevented former Confed leaders from
holding office
*4)
Had to ratify the 14th Amendment
8) Last states admitted=1870
9) Tenure of Office Act
 Tenure of Office Act
* The
President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet
members] without the Senate’s
consent, if the position originally
required Senate approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s
government
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law
Edwin Stanton
10) President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed Sec of War Stanton in February,
1868
 Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
 The HOR impeached him on February 24
before even
drawing up the
charges by a
vote of 126 – 47!
11) The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Defenders claimed he was
exercising his right to
challenge laws he felt were
unconstitutional
 Accusers argued that
congress should retain the
supreme power to make laws
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).
12) President Ulysses S. Grant
Election in 1868
13) Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
 Scalawags—Name given by former
Confederates to Southern whites
who supported Republican
Reconstruction
 Carpetbaggers—Name given to
northern whites who moved south
after the War and supported the
Republicans
14) Loss of Support for
Reconstruction
 During Grant’s tenure, many
northerners were losing interest in
Reconstruction
“South should solve their own
problems”
 Old Radical leaders retired or died
 Racial prejudice in the North
15) Amnesty Act of 1872
 Liberal Republicans called for
expanded amnesty towards white
southerners
 It pardoned most former
confederates and nearly all white
southerners could vote and hold
office again
 Democrats started to regain power
16) Voting Restrictions
 Poll tax
 Literacy Test (had to
read/explain parts of
the state or U.S. Const)
 Grandfather Clause: You
could vote if your
grandfather was able to
vote (helped illiterate
whites)
17) Jim Crow Laws
 Required African Americans and
whites to be separated in almost
every public place
18) Plessy vs. Ferguson
 Court ruled that
segregation was legal
as long as African
Americans had access
to public facilities or
accommodations equal
to those of whites
 Overturned in 1954—
Brown vs. Board of
Education
19) Impact of Reconstruction
 Helped South recover and begin
rebuilding
 Blacks gained greater equality and
joined whites in new governments,
but it did not make good on the
promise of true freedom—with
troop withdraws, they lost most of
their gains
Civil War Amendments
 13th: Banned Slavery
Civil War Amendments
 14th: All persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
are citizens
2) It guaranteed that people of all races born
in the U.S. are citizens—required every state
to grant all citizens equal protection under
the law
3) Privileges and Immunities: Right to
property, govt protection, BOR
4) Due Process: Idea that gov must follow
procedures established by law and guaranteed
by the Constitution
Civil War Amendments
 15th: Grants African American males
the right to vote