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The
Civil War
(1861-1865)
Through
Maps, Charts,
Graphs &
Pictures
Lincoln’s Inauguration
Due to the threat of assassination, Lincoln had
to slip into Washington at night partially
disguised.
So, he enters Washington with a nation that has
7 states who recently seceded and he has to
worry about his life. No the best way to start.
Inaugural Speech
– Firm, but conciliatory. Lincoln made it clear that there
would be no conflict unless the South provoked it.
– Also, states it is impossible for the Union to separate,
“PHYISICALLY SPEAKING, WE CANNOT
SEPARATE.”
– Basically, no natural barrier separated North and
South (Appalachians and the Mississippi both ran
North-South.)
Problems with Secession
What share of the national debt should the
South be forced to take on?
What portion of the territories should the South
be allowed to have, many of which won with
Southern soldiers?
How would they solve the Fugitive Slave issue?
Underground Railroad would only have to
transport above the Ohio River and not all the
way to Canada?
European Perspective
For many in Europe, they would be
delighted to see the American
democratic experiment fail
This would allow Europe to play the
game of divide and conquer in America
and they could quit easily defy the
Monroe Doctrine without a unified strong
United States.
Fort Sumter
In the South, when they seceded, they took control of
federal arsenals, mints, and other public property within
their borders.
Except for two: one of which, Fort Sumter in Charleston,
was more important.
So Lincoln faced with a dilemma:
– Fort Sumter had enough supplies for a few weeks.
– No Supplies meant the commander would have to surrender
without a single shot. This seemed to weak of a response in
Lincoln’s opinion.
– However, if he sent reinforcements, this would cause an
outbreak of war.
– So, what does Lincoln choose?
Fort Sumter
He chooses a middle of the road
approach:
– He told South Carolina that an expedition will
be sent to provision the fort and not reinforce
the fort.
– A Union Naval force was sent, and the South
saw this as an act of aggression
– On April 12, 1861, the South started to
bombard the fort and after 34 hours, the fort
surrendered.
Fort Sumter: April 12,
1861
Response to Fort Sumter
North was outraged by the attack and many
started calling for war, whereas before the
attack, many Northerners were content to le the
South secede.
So Lincoln turned a tactical defeat into a
calculated victory.
Lincoln issues a call for 75,000 militiamen.
He also called for a blockade of Southern ports.
South saw the call for troops as an act of
aggression and war. Tennessee, Virginia, North
Carolina, and Arkansas decide to join the
Confederacy and the capital was moved to
Richmond Virginia.
Border States
Missouri, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and
Kentucky.
– Contained a white population more than half of the
Confederacy
– Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri would have doubled the
manufacturing capabilities of the South and increase
by more than half the amount of horses and mules.
– Ohio River flowed through the North of Kentucky and
would have allowed supplies transported through
tributaries the Cumberland and Tennessee.
– Lincoln said: “I hope to have God on my side, but I
have to have Kentucky”
The Union & Confederacy in 1861
Lincoln and the Border States
In dealing with the border states, Lincoln was
clear to say he was not fighting a war to save
slavery, but to preserve the Union. This was to
prevent the Border States from choosing the
Confederacy.
In Maryland and Missouri, Lincoln declared
martial law and sent troops where needed
because Maryland could cut off the Capital from
the North. He also sent Union troops to
Missouri.
Native Americans and the Civil War
Five Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma:
– Most sided with the South, especially the Cherokee
because many of them owned slaves.
– To ensure their loyalty, the Confederate Government
promised to take over payments to the tribes and
invited the native Americans to send delegates to the
Confederate Congress.
– In return the tribes sent troops to the South.
The Plain Indians and a rival faction of the
Cherokee sided with the North (only to have the
Union launch wars against them after the Civil
War.)
North vs. South in 1861
North
South
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
?
?
Rating the North & the South
Southern Advantages
In the beginning, it appeared the South had
many advantages:
– Fight a defensive war (did not have to win the war to
win its independence)
– Fighting for their own institutions and way of life, their
was more morale on the Confederate side
– Their generals were superior at the beginning, in
particular Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson
– Southerners, as members of an agrarian society,
were more prepared for battle. More accustomed to
bearing arms and more skilled at managing horses.
Southern Disadvantages
Lack of factories
Huge shortages, especially in food, shoes,
and clothing.
Economy was a huge weakness
Northern Advantages
3/4th of the nations wealth was in the North
North not only was a huge farm, but also had enormous
industrial capabilities
Northern economy was more diverse and robust
75% of the nations railroads were in the North
North controlled the seas, so they could effectively
blockade the South
Much more manpower and soldiers
– 22 Million to 9 million in population and also the influx of
immigrants added to the total
Northern Disadvantages:
– Lack of military commanders. Lincoln will change the command
of the Army of the Potomac numerous times. Finally, Ulysses S.
Grant will lead the Union army.
Slave/Free States Population,
1861
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the South
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Immigrants
as a %
of a State’s
Population
in
1860
Advantages
In the end, the North’s economy, population, and
industrial capabilities gave it an enormous
advantage.
However, at the beginning of the war, the
chance for Southern independence was
favorable.
What if’s:
–
–
–
–
Border states had seceded
Northern defeatism demanded armistice
If Britain or France broke the blockade
If Britain or France joined the Confederate States
Foreign Intervention
Most successful revolutions had the aid of foreign
intervention (think the French during the American
Revolution)
South counted on getting it, it did not happen, and they
lost.
In reality, in France and both England, amongst the
ruling class, many sympathized with the South and
wanted to see American Democracy fail.
However, the working classes and common citizens of
both France and Britain were pulling and praying for the
North. In particular, they wanted to see slavery
abolished and much of this was influenced by Uncle
Tom’s cabin
King Cotton
IN the end, King Cotton failed the South. First,
the prewar years saw enormous surpluses and
Britain had a stockpile of cotton.
When they finally did need Southern cotton, it
was 2 years into the fight and Lincoln had
already issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
British public opinion would not allow support for
the South at that point.
Cotton Famine
– Relieved in many ways: 1.) Union farmers sent over
food supplies, 2.) Cotton taken from South and sent to
Britain, 3.) Confederates able to run some pass the
blockade, 4.) Egypt and India increased production,
and 5.) other war industries in England helped with
unemployment.
King Corn and King Wheat
In the end, the North benefitted more from King
Corn and King Wheat than the South did from
King Cotton.
– Ideal weather coupled with McCormick's mechanical
reaper produced huge surplus of grains and corn
– Britain had bad harvests, so had to import Northern
farm goods
– Interfering with the blockade or entering the war on
the side of the South meant risking access to the
Northern granary.
Diplomacy
Trent Affair
– U.S. navy stopped a British mail ship carrying two Confederate
diplomats.
– British were outraged and some war preparations began.
– In the end, Lincoln returned the diplomats.
Alabama
– British built ship, officered by Confederates, but manned by
British.
– Captured over 60 vessels and was essentially a pirate ship.
– In the end, it was destroyed by a larger Union ship off the coast
of France.
– Still, British continued to build Confederate raiders. In total 250
Union merchant marine ships were captured.
– Eventually, the British apologized and paid reparations for its
role in the Alabama affair.
Diplomacy
Laird’s rams
– Two ships for the Confederacy being built in Britain. Designed to
destroy wooden ships with its iron rams and large guns.
– Union makes it clear that if the ships were released, that a
possible war would occur.
– Last minute, British government relented and bought the ships
for their own Royal navy
Canada
– Some Southerners launched attacks from Canada in Vermont
– Irish Americans were angry, launched attacks in 1866 and 1870.
– In 1867, Dominion of Canada established.
Napoleon III and Maximilian
– Napoleon III placed Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor of
Mexico
– In 1865, Seward made it clear this was not ok. Napoleon III
rescinded Maximilian’s throne.
The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
Confederate States
Confederate Constitution had an
enormous weakness:
– Created during secession, it logically could
not ban secession
– Jefferson Davis wanted a strong central
government, but spent most his time fighting
state rightists in the Confederate government.
In many ways, the Confederate states were
11 independent countries.
The Confederate “White House”
The Confederate Seal
MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”
A Northern View of Jeff Davis
Lincoln vs. Davis
Davis was a good administrator, but was
handcuffed by state rightists and never
had great support.
Lincoln had troubles too, but overall much
less than Davis.
– North was much more stable and established
– Lincoln was great at reading and manipulating
public opinion
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Lincoln felt compelled to extend the power of the
presidency and limit some personal liberty as a
means to hold the Union together. Congress
generally accepted and approved of Lincoln’s
act, also seeing it as necessary for the crisis.
– Issued a blockade
– Increased size of the military
– 2 Million dollars appropriated without consent of
Congress
– Suspended habeas corpus, so anti-Unionists could be
arrested (Supreme Court said only Congress could
make this decision)
– Supervised voting in Border Elections
– Suspension of some newspapers and arrest of some
editors
Conscription and Draft Riots
In 1863, federal conscription passed for the first
time.
Provisions unfair to the poor, because for $300,
rich boys could pay for exemption or for a
substitute.
In New York City, draft riots broke out, especially
amongst the Irish.
However, still 90% of the Union troops were
volunteer.
Who were Bounty jumpers or bounty brokers?
All told, the North had 200,000 deserters.
‘Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.”
The North Initiates
the Draft, 1863
Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC
Recruiting Blacks in NYC
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
Raising Revenue
North:
– Excise tax
– Income tax
– Increased tariff (Morrill Tariff Act increased 5-10% the
tariffs of 1857)
– Greenback money, issued 450 million dollars. Backed
by nations credit, so fluctuated often
– Borrowing, issued bonds. This generated a lot of
revenue.
– National banking System- in effect until 1913. First
step towards unified banking since the Bank wars. It
unified the currency and made it more secure.
Raising Revenue
South
– Also sold bonds and collected 400 million dollars
– 10% levy or tax on farm produce
– Little to no direct taxation due to state rightists. Only
1% of revenue raised this way.
– Printed currency as money dried up, causing hyper
inflation
– Dollar worth 1.6 cents when Lee surrendered
– 9,000 percent inflation rate in the South compared to
80 percent in the North.
Inflation in the South
Wartime Economic Boom
The economy in the North actually grew
and at the war’s end was in many ways
more prosperous than before the war.
A millionaire class emerged for the first
time. Some made their riches by illegally
or dishonestly profiting from the war.
Sewing machine and mechanical reaper
improved production. Petroleum based
products discovered also
Women and the War
New opportunities for women
– Took the jobs that men left behind
– 500 girls took jobs in the government
– Demand for shoes and the increase of the sewing
machine led women to work in factories and cloths
industry
– Other women actually accompanied their husbands to
the front lines, disguised as men.
– Some functioned as spies.
– A lot functioned as nurses
U.S. Sanitary Commission (organized by first women
physician Dr. Elisabeth Blackwell
Heloped train women to be nurses. Dorothea Dix and Clara
Barton assisted the Union army and Sally Tomkins assisted
the Confederate Army, even receiving the rank of captain for
her services
Crushed Cotton Kingdom
Possessed 30% of the wealth before the war
and only 12 percent of the nation’s wealth in
1870.
Before the war, southern per capita was 2/3rd the
per capita of the North. After the war, it was only
2/5th.
In the end, the Northern Captains of Industry
won. Industry proved to be more profitable than
agriculture and the South’s defeat meant that
Northern industry was free to expand and further
dominate the American economic and political
life.
The Civil War
Lincoln envisioned that the war would only last
for 90 days.
However, the First Battle of Bull run would
change this view.
Lincoln decides to attack a Confederate force 30
miles southwest of Washington.
Goals
– Show superior force of the Union.
– With a quick defeat, demoralize the South’s dreams
of succession
– Perhaps, if possible, attack Richmond some 100
miles to the South
Overview
of
the North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
The “Anaconda” Plan
Paradox of Bull Run
Important psychological and political
consequences:
– North
Defeat better than victory for the North.
Dispelled all dreams of a quick war and victory
This convinced the Union of the need to focus on winning the
war and focus on putting all their resources towards winning
the war.
– South
Victory worse than defeat
Inflated their already overconfident egos and many soldiers
became deserters and enlistment fell.
War preparations slacked, especially for the long war ahead
of the.
Battle of Bull Run
(1st Manassas)
July, 1861
Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname in
Leading the Confederates to Victory. He was
Also aided by reinforcements. The Union army
Scattered and fled. Confederates were too
Exhausted to pursue them. As a result, the
Confederate soldiers ate the lunches that Union
Spectators brought with them. Hence, the term
“military picnic.”
Peninsular Campaign
George McClellan was put in charge of
the Army of the Potomac.
– Positives:
He was a superb organizer and drillmaster.
Injected morale into his troops
Hated to sacrifice his troops, he was idolized
by them
– Negatives
Overly cautious and wanted everything to be
perfect before attacking, which rarely happens
in war
Lincoln said he had the “slows”
Due to his inaction, the Potomac
became known as “All Quiet on the
Potomac” and McClellan known as
‘Tardy George.”
George McClellan
Peninsular Campaign
Spring of 1862, McClellan finally
decides to attack, using a waterborne
approach to finally attack Richmond.
He left with 100,000 soldiers.
One month to take Yorktown
Last minute, reinforcements diverted
and General Lee launched a
counterattack outside Richmond,
known as the Seven Days’ Battle.
Union forces drove back to the sea
and abandoned the Peninsular
Campaign as a costly failure.
McClellan replaced as General.
Lee’s Ironic Victory
Lee’s victory was brilliant and stunning in the
Seven Days' Battle. However, it was also ironic
– If Richmond was taken, war may have ended and
slavery most likely would not have been eliminated.
– Lee’s victory almost ensured that the war would not
end until a total defeat of the South and also slavery
was abolished.
– This is evidenced in the fact that Lincoln starts to
change his rhetoric after Lee’s victory to emancipation
and abolition.
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
George McClellan,
Again!
McClellan: I Can Do It All!
The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
Union’s total war
6 components
– Slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts
– Liberate the slaves and undermine the economic
foundations of the South
– Cut Confederacy in half by seizing control of the
Mississippi
– Chop the Confederacy to pieces by sending troops
through Georgia and the Carolinas
– Decapitate the South by capturing its capital,
Richmond
– Try anywhere to engage the enemy’s main strength
and grind it into submission (Grant’s idea)
Union Blockade
Difficult to blockade 3500 miles of coast, so the
North concentrated on major ports and docks.
Why did Britain not defy the blockade?
– Many reasons, but one major is it did not want to tie
its hands in case of future war. Basically, they may
want to use it in the future, so don’t violate other
blockades.
Blockade running still occurred, especially as
prices rose and profits were to be made. Most
successful were swift gray painted steamers
built in Scotland. Risks were great, but profits
sometimes near 700%.
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
Important naval battle because it made
Wooden ships less viable and more
Vulnerable to attack. The world’s
Navies would start to invest in iron ships
Damage on the Deck of the Monitor
Second Battle of Bull Run
After defeating McClellan at Richmond, Lee decided to
head North with his army
At the Second Battle of Bull Run, he faced off against
General John Pope. Pope boasted that in the western
theater, he only saw the backs of the Confederate
soldiers.
However, at Bull Run, Lee and the Confederates
destroyed Pope.
Lee then decided to attack into Maryland, for two main
reasons:
– 1. A bold victory in Union territory might convince
foreign intervention
– 2. Maryland was a Border State and still wavering on
its decision to join the Union. Lee hoped to seduce
Maryland to the Confederate side.
War in the East: 1861-1862
Antietam
Little Mac returned as General of the Army
of the Potomac.
His soldiers hailed his return and where
excited to have him back
Some Union soldiers found a copy of
Lee’s battle plans for Antietam wrapped
around a pack of cigars (discarded by a
Confederate officer). This intelligence
allowed McClellan to halt Lee’s
advancement North.
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
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23,000 casualties
Antietam's Importance
Bloodiest day of the Civil War (23,000 casualties)
Confederate’s were never sop close to victory as on that
day, but victory was elusive. Consequently, neither the
British nor the French decided to aid the Confederate
States.
Antietam also allowed Lincoln to get his needed victory
for the Emancipation Proclamation (written in summer of
1862, he needed to wait for a victory before announcing
it.)
By issuing the Proclamation, Civil War became not only
a war to save the Union, but also a moral war to end
slavery. Now, the nature of the war will change. It will
become a war of subjugation, of complete destruction of
the South
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the final
Emancipation Proclamation.
– Declared “forever free’ the slaves of the Confederate
States still in rebellion.
– Border States not affected nor specific conquered
areas in the South
– 800,000 total not set free
So, essentially, where Lincoln could legally free
slaves, he did not. And where he could not
legally free slaves, he did. Thus, as noted, the
Emancipation Proclamation was much more
proclamation than emancipation.
Emancipation Proclamation
Many slaves voted with their feet by fleeing their
plantations and joining the Union armies as they
approached.
In total, 1 of every 7 slaves escaped to the Union
during the war.
Slavery not officially legally abolished until the
13th amendment in 1865.
The Proclamation also changed the nature of
the war because both sides understood that
there was not chance at a negotiated settlement.
Emancipation in 1863
Public opinion was varied.
Horace Greely championed
the announcement. Other
abolitionists said it did not
go far enough.
Some even thought Lincoln
Had gone too far. Border
States and the Old
Northwest in particular.
There was a movement in
The North against
Supporting the “Abolition
War.”
Many Border State soldiers
deserted, stating they fought
To save the union, not for
Abolition.
The Southern View of Emancipation
South claimed that
Lincoln was trying to
conjure up the
“hellish passions”
of slave insurrection.
African-American Recruiting Poster
As emancipation
Happened, Lincoln also
Moved to enlist black
Soldiers.
By war’s end, 180,000
Blacks served in the
Union army. Most were
From the slave states,
But some came from
Free states too.
10% of all enlisted
Soldiers and 2 regiments
In Massachusetts were
All-black regiments.
Famous 54th regiment
Led by Colonel Robert
Gould Shaw.
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
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August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw
African-Americans
in Civil War Battles
Why did many blacks
Enlist?
1.) After the proclamation,
Many joined in the fight to
Eliminate slavery
2.) also a means to prove
one’s worth as a man and as
a way to strengthen claim for
citizenship.
In total, over 80,000 enlisted
Black soldiers died. Many,
When captured were put to
Death as slaves in revolt and
The south did not recognize
Them as prisoners of war
Until 1864.
The Confederacy and Slaves
South did not enlist black
Soldiers until the last month
Of the war. However, many
Slaves were forced to work
In labor battalions
However, slaves often
Sabotaged the Confederate
Effort:
- “home guards” had to protect
From slave rebellions
-slowdowns, strikes, open
defiance diminished
productivity.
Black Troops Freeing Slaves
As “intelligent contraband,”
Slaves served as spies, guides
And scouts for the Union.
A Bit of War History: Contraband, Recruit, Veteran, by Thomas
Waterman Wood, 1865–1866
This painting dramatically commemorates the contributions and sacrifices of the 180,000 African Americans who served in the
Union army during the Civil War.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Charles Stewart Smith, 1884 (84.12a/b/c) Photograph ©1991 The
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville
McClellan was replaced again by Lincoln, this
Time by General A.E. Burnside. He stated
He was unfit for the responsibility than proved it
At the Battle of Fredericksburg.
Burnside launched a frontal attack on Lee and
The Confederate Troops, only to have 10,000
Of his men slaughtered. This became known as
“Burnside’s Slaughter Pen.”
Next came General Hooker. On May 2-4, 1863,
Lee attacked at Chancellorsville with inferior
Forces and by having Stonewall Jackson attack
The Union flank. Strategy worked and Lee got
One of his most impressive and brilliant victories
Of the war. However, Stonewall Jackson was
Shot by friendly fire and died a few days later
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Meade and Gettysburg
Meade told, three days before the war, that he
Would lead the Union at Gettysburg.
Meade, by accident, took up a position atop
A low ridge. There his 92,000 Union troops
Looked out at Lee’s 76,000 Confederate troops.
Battle raged on for 3 days from July 1-July 3
1863.
Deciding push was Pickets charge. However, he
Was unsuccessful and this broke the back of the
Confederates at Gettysburg.
Davis already sent a delegation to negotiate peace
Terms to D.C. Lincoln refused to let peace mission
Pass.
Gettysburg Casualties
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Ulysses S. Grant
Graduated from West Point, a mediocre student,
Who was a great horsemen and decent at math.
Fought in the Mexican War, but was commissioned
To frontier posts after the war, and the boredom and
Loneliness drove him to drink.
He resigned from the Army instead of being
Court-martialed due to his drunkenness.
When the Civil War came, he was working in his
Father’s leather store for $50 month.
He became a colonel in the volunteer army and over
Time his experience coupled with his audacity
Led to his meteoric rise
By fighting in Tennessee, he made a name for
himself. At Fort Donelson and Fort Henry, he won
and his terms were “unconditional and immediate
surrender
Ulysses S. Grant
Victories in Tennessee
important:
– Linked Kentucky closer to the
Union
– Opened up Tennessee to the
Union and also access to
Georgia, the heart of Dixie
Grant, however, loses at
Shiloh, on April 6-7, 1862.
Lincoln refused to remove
Grant because he actually
fights. When told of his
drinking, Lincoln does not care
and says he will send a barrel
of whatever Grant drinks to all
of his generals.
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
(1/1/1863)
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
The War in
the West, 18621863:
New Orleans
Vicksburg
Port Hudson
Union Victories
Victories at Gettysburg was July 3 and at
Vicksburg it was July 4th
Victories important:
– Mississippi was controlled by Union and cut South in
half.
– Also as important, the economic livelihood of many of
the border states depended on the Mississippi. With
the Union in control, it helps diminish some anger
from fighting an “Abolition War.”
– Diplomatically, both France and Britain favor the
Union (stop sales of Laird rams and also six naval
vessels to Confederates)
Grant and Tennessee Again
Grant was next
transferred to the
Tennessee war front
where Confederates had
pushed back Union
forces.
He wins at the Battle
Above the Clouds near
Chattanooga.
Tennessee is cleared of
Confederates and this
leaves Georgia
vulnerable to attack
Sherman’s
“March
to the
Sea”
through
Georgia,
1864
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Sherman’s March and Total War
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Total War
– 60,000 soldiers burned through Georgia, tore up
railroads, bayoneted family portraits, and sacked
cities.
– Goal was to destroy all supply chains and the ability
for the South to make war. Also, destroy the morale
of the South by not only waging war at the front, but
also on their homes.
– Even though Sherman used brutal tactics, he in many
ways most likely shortened the war and saved lives.
– After sacking Savannah, Sherman and his soldiers
moved to South Carolina, where the destruction was
worse. Columbia was set ablaze much like Atlanta
and South Carolina was destroyed as “hellhole of
secession.”
1864 Presidential Election
Politics continue, even during war. And
Lincoln faced many issues within his own
party during the 1864 election:
– Congressional Committee on the Conduct of
the War:
Led by Secretary of the treasury Salmon Chase
and formed in late 1861.
Represented a radical group of republicans who
resented the expansion of the presidency and
pushed hard for abolition.
Northern Democrats
Stephen Douglas died seven weeks into the war.
Thus, the N. Democrats were without their
strong leader. Consequently, factions grew
within the party.
– War Democrats- supported the Lincoln administration
– Peace Democrats- did not support Lincoln.
– Copperheads- openly defiant to Lincoln and his
administration. Attacked on the draft and especially
after 1863, they were against emancipation.
The Peace Movement: Copperheads
Clement Vallandigham
Notorious troublemaker. Spoke up againt
The war and was tried for treasonable
Utterances in a military tribunal. Escapes to
Canada, still runs for governor of Ohio.
Edward Hale was inspired by Vallandigham’s
Story and wrote The Man Without a Country
1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster
Cartoon Lampoons Democratic
Copperheads in 1864
1864 Election
So, the Republicans joined
With the War Democrats to
Form the Union Party.
They chose Andrew
Johnson as his running mate.
The Democrats nominated
General McClellan.
Lincoln’s reelection was in
doubt. But a sequence
Union victories (Mobile,
Atlanta, and in Virginia) near
election day helped Lincoln
at the polls.
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
Presidential
Election
Results:
1864
Many soldiers were sent home
To support Lincoln at the polls.
Some were even allowed to
Vote from the front lines.
The victories coupled with the
“bayonet vote” allowed Lincoln
To win.
The Final Virginia Campaign:
1864-1865
Lincoln replaced Meade with
Grant. Basically, Lincoln needed
a general who was a bulldog who
would pursue Lee and the
Confederates regardless of
casualties.
Grant decided to attack the
Confederate armies at the same
time so they could be destroyed
Piecemeal.
Grant and Lee
Grant attacked furiously and suffered many
casualties. Many were aghast at his tactics and
called him Grant the Butcher.
– But, Grant suffered a casualty rate of 1 for every 10
soldiers. Lee had a rate of 1 for every 5 soldiers.
– Also, Lee turned the fight into a pure defensive war
because he knew he did not have the numbers to
fight aggressively.
– Nonetheless, grant understood he outnumbered Lee
2:1 and that he would fight to the bitter end.
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
The war is over; the rebels are
our countrymen again.
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
WANTED~~!!
Now He Belongs to the Ages!
The Execution
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Costs of the War
Direct costs were $15 billion. However, that
does not account for continuing expenses
Also, the state rightists also die during the war.
The national government emerged stronger than
ever and the dual nightmares of nullification and
secession are laid to rest
In the end, the Civil war also preserves
democratic values and American democracy.