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Download Lincoln`s Second Inaugural Address
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[NB] Cornell Notes on Lincoln What were the events that led up to Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address? Key Points: • • • • • • • Lincoln’s First Election (1860) Cause of the Civil War Lincoln’s Views of Slavery Formation of the Confederacy The Horrors of War Lincoln’s Second Election (1864) Lincoln’s Hopes for the Future Summary: Notes: Lincoln Takes Office for his First Term • States had already started “ceding” during President Buchannan’s administration. • By the time Lincoln was inaugurated for the first time in March of 1861, seven states had banned together to form the “Confederacy.” • Although the Democratic South was upset that Lincoln, a Republican, had been elected, eight slave states refused to join the Confederacy. They didn’t want war. Was the Civil War Really Caused by Slavery? Lincoln states in his address that slavery was the central issue of the Civil War. Is that true? • Yes and no. • Lincoln was morally opposed to slavery, and so were a lot of other people. However, the Civil War had many causes, some of which were related to slavery. • Power struggle between the industrial North and the agricultural South. • Majority of population in the North, and the South often felt that it was underrepresented in Congress. • The question of slavery and Westward expansion. • Different economic bases. If slavery is abolished, what happens to the Southern economy? Whether or not Lincoln’s statement was true, why would he make this claim in his speech? Was Lincoln Himself Anti-Slavery? • Yes, but not in the way you may have thought. • Lincoln supported the Republican Platform in his political and personal life. This doctrine was to stop the spread of slavery into Western territories in hopes that it would die out eventually. • Lincoln even supported a plan for the government to pay slave owners to set their slaves free (“Compensated Emancipation). • However, Lincoln did not consider himself an abolitionist, because he didn’t believe in trying to precipitate an abrupt end to slavers. This would cause war. • Lincoln didn’t propose an immediate end to slavery until that goal became part of the Republican platform in connection with the proposal of the 13th Amendment in 1864 (his second election). The War Begins . . . • Lincoln was determined not to be the aggressor in the start of the impending war, and both sides attempted peaceful negotiations. • Hostilities and “the start of the Civil War” came a month after Lincoln’s inauguration. The Confederacy took a Union stronghold, Fort Sumter in South Carolina. • Lincoln called on state militias to try to take the Fort back from the Confederacy. At that point, four more states joined the Confederacy, and the “War Between the States” started. Civil War Casualties • 620,000 men were killed directly in battle. That was 2% of the population. • This statistic does not count those who died in captivity (roughly as many men who died TOTAL in the Vietnam Conflict) and those who died of disease. • http://www.civilwar.org/education/ civil-war-casualties.html The Tables Turn . . . • The North (or Union) spent the majority of the War losing. This was surprising to everyone, since the North had every advantage. • The first Union victory in the Civil War was not until February 1862, when the Union captured Forts Henry and Donelson. • Other Union victories, like the Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, followed. Lincoln's 2nd Election in 1864 . . . • These recent wins caused Lincoln, who was an exceptionally unpopular president, to be reelected in 1864. • By the second election, three years after the war had started, everyone was sick of war. It had been longer and more devastating to both sides than anyone had imagined. • So, in his “Second Inaugural Address” . . . Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address President Abraham Lincoln delivers his address before the Capitol building • March 4, 1865 • Given as the North approached victory in the Civil War • Summed up Lincoln’s beliefs about how to reunite the country • Did not claim victory or lay blame Did Lincoln want revenge on the South? Lincoln’s “Ten-Percent Plan” • Released in December 1863 • “Executive Reconstruction” • Would pardon most former Confederates • When 10% of the number of voters listed in the 1860 voters roles signed loyalty oaths, the state could form a new government • Used to return areas such as Louisiana back to the Union Was Lincoln Really as Anti-Slavery as People Today Think He Was? The Wade-Davis Bill • Proposed by two members of Congress. • Passed Congress in 1864 • Required more than half of voters to sign loyalty oath • Required second oath for voting eligibility • New constitution had to repeal secession and abolish slavery • Bill pocket-vetoed by Lincoln. He favored a more lenient Ten-Percent Plan.