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3/2: slide 1-6 3/3: slides 7-13 3/4: slides 14-21 3/5: No School 3/8: slides 22-31 3/9: slides 32-33 3/10: Start Project 3/11: Work on Project * Project is due on 3/14th The Civil War 8th Grade U.S. Republic Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) Located in Charleston, SC harbor Lincoln refused to give up forts in South Confederate soldiers fire on fort Union surrenders the fort Lincoln calls for volunteers, war starts Rush to War Both sides believe war will last for a few months. Men from both sides eager to join the war and fight a battle before the war is over. Strategies to Win the Civil War NORTH Anaconda Plan- named after the snake, plan to slowly squeeze the South to death -blockade Southern ports -control Mississippi River -cut Confederacy in half SOUTH War of Attrition- South hoped to keep beating North until North lost will to fight -stop sending cotton to Europe -believe England and France will help Confederacy because they need Southern cotton -Europe gets cotton from others, South loses a lot of $ Advantages NORTH Higher population (22 million vs. 5.5 million) More industrializedfactories (supplies, $) More railroad miles (supplies/move troops) Navy (trans./blockade) SOUTH Belief that Europe would help-needed Southern cotton Better generals Fighting for independence/to preserve their way of life Fight defensive war First Battle of Bull Run First major battle of Civil War McDowell (Union) vs. Beauregard/Joe Johnston (Con.) Neither side really ready, especially North Thomas Jackson gets nickname “Stonewall” South wins, Union retreats to D.C. Both sides realize war will take much longer than expected After First Bull Run Lincoln replaces McDowell with George McClellan McClellan-good trainer, poor fighter McClellan & Lincoln don’t like each other McClellan refers to Lincoln as the “original gorilla” and the “baboon” Lincoln orders McClellan to attack the South Seven Days, Seven Battles-McClellan beaten by Robert E. Lee, Lincoln replaces him 1862-War in the West Union commander Ulysses S. Grant Grant captures two major forts: Henry and Donelson Battle of Shiloh in April, 1862 in Tennessee South wins 1st day of battle, but leader is killed Union wins 2nd day, wins battle Both sides-24,000 casualties 1862-War in East War not going well for North Lincoln can’t find a decent general 2nd Battle of Bull Run-major Union defeat, again Public opinion of war and Pres. worsening Lincoln worried Europe may help South Decides to free slaves, needs to wait for a victory oh, and McClellan is back in charge in fall of 1862 Antietam Lee invades North Thinks Southern victory in North would get Europe to help South or end war Sharpsburg, Maryland Union victory 23,000 casualties-bloodiest single day in American history Lee’s army escapes back to Virginia Lincoln furious, McClellan gone for good Fredericksburg Dec. 1862 Union general now Ambrose Burnside Union attacking up hill-Marye’s Heights Conf. army behind stone wall Major Union defeat Lee-”It is well that war is so terrible, or we should grow too fond of it.” June 1863 Union blockade and constant fighting in Virginia have depleted resources there Lee looking to take pressure off Virginia Decides to invade the North again, focused on Pennsylvania Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 First Day - July 1 New Union general - George Meade Battle begins over shoes Confederates trying to get shoe supply rumored in Gettysburg Clash with Union cavalry Word goes out, both armies move toward Gettysburg South wins first day, pushes Union soldiers back through town Union line on series of ridges (high ground) Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Second Day - July 2 Union line shaped like fishhook along ridges Confederates attack both ends of Union line in late afternoon/early evening Lee’s second in command, Longstreet, wants to move around Union army, Lee refuses Little Round Top - hill at edge of Union line Union soldiers at end of line run out of ammo, can’t let Rebels take hill, decide to attack Saved Union army from defeat Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Third Day - July 3 Lee orders attack on center of Union line, believes it is the weakest point Longstreet again argues against attack, overruled 150 Confederate cannon fire on Union center for two hours Just under 15,000 Confederates attack Known as Pickett’s Charge - General George Pickett Attacking uphill, over open field, Union troops in center behind stone wall Attack fails, Confederate casualties over 50% Pickett never forgives Lee for destroying division Gettysburg Recap Total casualties at Gettysburg- 51,000 Known as “High Tide of the Confederacy” Closest chance to Southern victory Turning point battle - war will get worse and worse for South from this point on Lee retreats back into Virginia Meade lets him escape - war will go on Emancipation Proclamation-Jan.1, 1863 Issued by Lincoln after Antietam Takes effect January 1, 1863 Frees all slaves in states in rebellion No slaves in border states (Union) freed North divided over freeing slaves Maryland Slave to the President Belair [Md.] Aug 25th 1864 Mr president It is my Desire to be free. to go to see my people on the eastern shore. my mistress wont let me you will please let me know if we are free. and what i can do. I write to you for advice. please send me word this week. or as soon as possible and oblidge. Annie Davis Sherman’s March “War is cruelty. There is no use trying to reform it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over.” -William T. Sherman Sherman believed in the concept of total war. What is total war? Total war – Not just fighting your enemy’s army, but also waging war on your enemy’s civilians, land, resources, etc. Sherman’s goal is to destroy the will of the Southern people to continue fighting. Sherman’s March Spring, 1864 – Sherman’s 98,000 man army invades Georgia Target is Atlanta – major railroad and industrial center Summer, 1864 – Sherman’s army laying siege to Atlanta Sherman captures Atlanta, evacuates city, burns roughly 30% of city Sherman’s March “I’m going to make Georgia howl!” Union troops destroyed bridges, factories, and railroad lines (Sherman’s Neckties) Stole livestock and crops Burned/killed what they couldn’t eat 6,900 horses; 13,000 cattle; 100,000 pigs Raided houses, stole personal items Freed thousands of slaves along way Capture Savannah, GA in late December, 1864 Appomattox Court House Grant captures Petersburg April 2, 1865 Lee retreats, eventually cornered at small Virginia town-Appomattox Court House Lee’s army starving, greatly outnumbered Lee asks for terms of surrender - April 9, 1865 Grant gives Lee generous terms “The rebels are our countrymen again.” Effects of the Civil War The Union is preserved Slavery is abolished 620,000 deaths in the War Nation put on course to becoming an industrial power