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The Civil War Buchanan to Lincoln on Lincoln’s Inauguration Day After Lincoln’s southern states began to secede from the Why wouldelection, out going President Buchanan express Union, Buchanan was happy to leave this headache to Lincoln. this sentiment to incoming President Lincoln? CHOOSING SIDES Border States: slave states that decided to remain in the Union War Begins! November 6, 1860 Abraham Lincoln, who had declared "Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free..." is elected president 1st Republican gained only 40 percent of the popular vote Dec 20, 1860 - South Carolina secedes from the Union. Followed within two months by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Feb 9, 1861 - The Confederate States of America is formed Jefferson DavisPresident. March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln is sworn in as 16th President of the United States. April 12, 1861 - At 4:30 a.m. Confederates open fire with 50 cannons upon Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The Civil War begins. Strengths & Weaknesses UNION ADVANTAGES – Union population more than 2x that of the South – Strong business/industry & RR systems – Superior political leadership (Lincoln) – Recognized as the legitimate government – Strong navy able to blockade southern ports & cut off southern trade CONFEDERATE ADVANTAGES – Strategic position (easy to defend/hard to attack) – Better military training (new how to shoot & ride) – Skilled military leaders (Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson) – Morale/fighting spirit higher among Southerners as compared to Northerners Civil War Political Leadership Many of the Union’s top Generals joined the Confederacy, Lincoln lacked good military leaders, and it became necessary to change his top generals until he found one that was dependable. (U.S. Grant) Military Leadership Strategies for Victory The UNION/North – Blockade southern ports Stop imports (war materials) Stop exports (cotton trade) – Control the Mississippi River Cut the Confederacy in half – Capture the Southern CapitalRichmond, VA. Plan became known as “Anaconda Plan” The Confederacy/South – Stay defensive until Northerners grow tired of fighting Force Lincoln to recognize southern independence – Continue cotton trade with Europe to secure funds for war Believed COTTON WAS KING & that Europe would support the South Battle of Bull Run July 21,1861 Union troops set out to “crush” the rebellion at Bull Run, VA. Union officers believed that Confederate forces would turn & run Many spectators turned out to view the battle, believing the Union would score a quick victory Confederate forces inspired by Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson forced the Union Army into an embarrassing withdrawal Battle of Bull Run Examine this photo of Bull Run (taken after the battle). What did the Battle of Bull Run prove to both the Union & the Confederacy? – That victory would not be easy & that the war would be a long, difficult struggle for both sides What does this photo grouping suggest about the burden of the Presidency during wartime? Civil War Major Battles: Antietam September 17, 1862 Lee marched his troops into Antietam, Maryland – He believed a southern victory in the north would crush northern morale Union soldiers captured a Confederate messenger & informed the Union army of Lee’s plans 23,000 soldiers were killed/wounded There was no clear winner, but the Union was able to claim victory because Lee withdrew his forces Lincoln was angered by Gen. McClellan’s failure to pursue and crush the southern forces, he replaced McClellan with Gen. Burnside. Civil War Major Battles: CONFEDERATE VICTORIES Fredericksburg, VA Chancellorsville, VA – Union May, 1863 forces Leeset & out for Richmond Stonewall Jackson in an attempt tothe outwitted capture Unionthe southern Army again capital – Confederate forces soldiers were able dug in toto defeat a the defensive much larger position, Union and were able to mow Army the Union forces. – down Stonewall Jackson was – accidentally Fredericksburg shotwas and one ofby killed the hisUnion’s own forces defeats – worst Jackson’s death hurt the South’s military leadership How did the UNION turn the tide of the Civil War? Grant forced the south to Gen. Sherman captured surrender Vicksburg, Gen Grant’s victory at Atlanta &atburned it! Shiloh Hethe Union secured total control of secured control of both marched his troops to theends sea the Mississippi & cut the of the Mississippi River, (Atlantic) and destroyed The Union’s of Confederacy inuseful halfwere southern supply lines Theblockade Union Victory at to everything that was southern ports cut off the damaged Gettysburg was the turning (during the siege of Vicksburg, starved the south (farms, industry) South’s trade, hurt the southern forces were forced eat the mules point of the war. It to was southern economy & the to strike at rats!) South’s last & attempt south’s ability toforces wage war Union up north. Lincoln at Gettysburg Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated hereLincoln’s to the unfinished which they who fought here What was duelwork purpose? have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the1. great task remaining before usfor -- that fromWar thesedead honored dead we Dedicate a cemetery Civil take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion we here highly resolve thattask these&dead shall 2. Inspire the-- that nation to complete the not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new win the war, so that the dead would not birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for havethe died in vain people, shall not perish from the earth. The War Ends: Union Victory •The effects of the Union’s total war eventually led to the capture of Richmond •Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 Conclusion How did the UNION turn the tide of the Civil War? Completion of the “Anaconda Plan” – Blockade of Southern ports ruined the south’s economy – Union control of the Mississippi river cut off the Confederate communication & supply lines – Captured southern capital, Richmond VA The Union Waged TOTAL WAR – The Union destroyed all food & equipment that the enemy needed, causing the same hardships for both soldiers & civilians Civil War: Issues, Events & Effects Draft Riots Effects Battle of the Ironclads •As the war dragged on, •More than Ironclad 360,000 Emancipation Proclamation •The Union ship public support in the North Union Soldiers were (Monitor), battled droppedissued the the •Lincoln killed Confederate Ironclad proclamation to free the slaves •Many rioted against the ship (Merrimack) to a war •More than 250,000 living in the Confederacy draw (neither were badly Confederate solders •Many protested & rioted •As a result, the Union damaged) were killed against the drafting of was fighting the war to free the soldiers •Ironclad ships forever •Bitterness remained slaves as well as save the changed naval warfare between the regions •The law allowed a man to Union pay the government $300 to •Wooden ships •The struggle for avoidbecame militaryoutdated service equality for the freed slaves began •Some began to see the conflict as a rich man’s war & a poor man’s fight Civil War: Reviewing the main themes