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Chapter 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848- 1854 Political Climate • • • • Throughout the struggle over the slave issue, the two major parties did not break Democrats in the North & South supported their candidates as did Whigs. However, sectional differences are going to test their resolve. Election of 1848 will start to fracture the stability of the parties. Election of 1848 o o o o Zachary Taylor – War hero of the Mexican War was the Whig candidate. Martin Van Buren ran for a new party known as the Free-Soilers. Democrats nominated General Cass, also a war hero, but the War of 1812. Taylor won in a close election and the Whigs had elected their 2nd President. California o o o o Taylor had hoped to sit out the debate over slavery and just run the country. The Gold Rush in 1849 saw a tremendous population explosion in California. California applied for statehood in 1849 as a free state. They needed federal protection b/c of the lawlessness out West. Politics at Work • • • • • Abolition – get rid of slavery altogether Wilmott Proviso – No new territories from Mexico could be slave states. Missouri Compromise – Line of demarcation to determine slave/free Popular Sovereignty – states should make that decision w/out fed gov’t. . Sectional Strife o o o o In 1848, there were 15 free states and 15 slave states – and California. The South felt they were being cheated. Slaves had been escaping in greater numbers and weak laws didn’t help Though the number of slaves escaping was low, it was the principle in the South Compromise of 1850 • • • • • Clay, Webster, and Calhoun took centerstage to work out a compromise. It had to be as fair as possible to both sides, but both had to budge. They called for a free California, but tougher fugitive slave laws. After 7 months of debate, it passed Congress in 1850. . Uncompromising o o o o o The North got the better end of the deal. D.C. outlawed slave trading and it was a matter of time before slavery ended. California tipped the scale to free states. The South did get a tougher Fugitive Slave Law, but many in the North ignored it. Some states even pondered nullification like S.C. did on tariffs. Compromise Problems The Compromise was effective for a short while, but never a solution. o William Seward argued that a higher law than the Constitution should prevail. o President Taylor helped the Compromise become reality by dying. o Page 407 and 409 in text lay out the compromise as well as states affected. o. o Election of 1852 o o o o Franklin Pierce was the safe candidate for the Democrats. The Whigs ignored their party leaders and went with war hero – Winfield Scott. Democrats chose Pierce because he was favorable to the South and backed Comp. The Whigs also endorsed the compromise but not as enthusiastically. Election of 1852 • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pierce won in a landslide, but the election had significant consequences. It brought an end to the Whig Party. Slavery and its future had been the real topic driving the election. A short end to the two-party system in America. Sectionalism will be the political focus for decades. . Manifest Destiny • • • • Pierce was looking to expand American influence and slave territory. There was an attempt by a southerner, William Walker, to take Nicaragua. Though it failed, the South looked to other lands to spread slavery. William Perry also opened up trade with China and Japan. Huge economic gains. Manifest Destiny o o o o o The South wanted to take Cuba from Spain and Pierce tried to buy it. The Ostend Manifesto was drawn up to offer Spain $125 million, or we’d take it. The North was outraged and the plan dropped. Europe was entangled in the Crimean War, and there was little to stop us. . Railroad Debate • • • • The Western territory of California had proved rich, but hard to get at. A proposed railroad was the answer, but an expensive undertaking. The question became whether the rail would lead from the North or South. The Gadsden Purchase allowed for easy access through the South. Kansas-Nebraska o o o o . Stephan A. Douglas owned stock in the Chicago rail industry. He wanted Chicago to be the hub to the West. Douglas proposed that Kansas and Nebraska be brought into the Union. Kansas would be slave and Nebraska would be free. Kansas-Nebraska • • • • • Southerners loved the idea b/c this gave them one more slave state. Problem – Missouri Compromise wouldn’t allow it. The North didn’t like it. Southerners loved it and backed Douglas in the Senate and all of Congress. The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed Congress and Douglas made a mint. . Results 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . Two compromises were effectively nullified. – Missouri and that of 1850. The Democratic Party was torn apart by the Kansas – Nebraska Act. Politics in America were split like the Church – North and South. The South remained a stronghold for Democrats. A new party emerged – Republicans. Chapter 19 Drifting Toward Disunion Uncle Tom’s Cabin • • • • • Written By Harriet Beecher Stowe Very popular novel that exposed the harsh life of slavery Helped to start and win the Civil War Stowe claimed that God wrote it, which revealed the deeper sources of the Second Great Awakening . Bleeding Kansas o o o o In many ways, the first shots of the Civil War were fired here Was slavery practical in this territory? John Brown, perhaps the most militant and famous abolitionist of the time, emerged A civil war of sorts broke out in Kansas, with both sides looking for a victory Kansas • • • • • Problems in Kansas – “slaveryites” and “freesoilers” both fought for control. Few slaves were actually taken to Kansas In the election of the territorial legislature, “slaveryites” poured into to Kansas to vote This tipped the scale and the gov’t was pro-slavery Another gov’t set up in Lawrence, KS LeCompton Constitution o o o o Argument over whether KS should be free or slave was to be settled in Congress. Pro-slave gov’t proposed a Constitution that allowed slavery and one that allowed slaves. Buchanan supported the Lecompton gov’t, but Douglas supported pop. Sovereignty. In the end, the Constitution was voted down Bleeding Congress(man) • • • • • In 1856, Sen. Charles Sumner of Mass. gave a speech in which he insulted South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks of S.C. wanted to challenge a duel. Instead, on May 22, 1856, Brooks walked into the Senate and beat Sumner with his cane. The North was appalled. The S. sent Brooks a bunch of canes. . Election of 1856 o o o o James Buchanan (D), John C. Fremont(R), and Millard Fillmore (Know-Nothing)-nativist Kansas was the main issue, so all parties chose candidates w/ no ties to Kansas. Buchanan won, and once again, the Union was preserved – for now. The results showed a fracturing nation. Dred Scott o o o o o Scott was a slave who had lived in the free soil areas of the Wisconsin Territory He sued for his freedom, on the grounds of living on free soil for 5 years The Court Ruled that Scott could not sue, because he had no rights Furthermore, they said that a slave could be taken to any territory by their master and used as slaves…. This sent shockwaves through the nation……Why? . Abraham Lincoln • • • • • Came into the spotlight in the Illinois Senatorial Election against Stephen Douglas in 1858 Great debates between the two ensued and Americans became aware of Lincoln Argued over who had the right to expand slavery…people or the court. The Result… Douglas won – Lincoln lost . Lincoln • • • • • Although Douglas won his Senate seat back, Lincoln was now established. Lincoln was personally against slavery, but politically for the Union. Lincoln was seen as a common man, but also as self-made. Though Douglas won his seat in the Senate, Lincoln would locate a loftier position. . Harper’s Ferry o o o o o o John Brown planned to attack the South and get the slaves to rise up and revolt. In Virginia, October of ’59, he and his small band of men attacked a military arsenal. Brown was wounded and captured by a group of Marines. (Robert E. Lee) He was tried and sentenced to death. Free-soilers were outraged. . Democratic Convention o o o o o o Met in Baltimore in 1860 to nominate a candidate for President. Southern delegates walked out because they saw Douglas as a traitor to the South. Douglas got the nomination. So did Breckinridge (Southern Democrats) The Democratic Party had thus split. . Republican Convention o o o o o o Met in Chicago and were excited about winning b/c the Dem. Party was split. Seward, Bates and Chase were the front runners. They nominated Abraham Lincoln, although many thought him a simpleton. His speech was “backwoods” but he appealed to the common man. Some referred to him as the “Great Baboon” . Candidates in 1860 Abe Lincoln – Rep. John Breckinridge - D Stephen Douglas - Dem John Bell – Const Union Election of 1860 • • • • • As expected, the Democratic vote was split between Breckinridge and Douglas. Bell won the border states of KY, TN and VA. Lincoln swept the North and garnered enough electoral votes for the win. The die was cast. . Secession Within a few days of election results, South Carolina seceded. Within 4 weeks, so had Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana & Texas A government was est. in Montgomery, AL known as the Confederate States of Am. Jefferson Davis of KY was chosen as Pres. . Last Attempt o o o o o Another Kentuckian, Crittenden, attempted one last compromise to save the Union. It resembled the Missouri Compromise, but Lincoln refused to accept it. It essentially called for the South to be able to annex anything S. of 36’. Lincoln feared the U.S. would invade anyone possible. . Final Days of Peace • • • • • • Most of the secession took place during Buchanan’s lame duck period. Lincoln would be severely criticized, but remained strong. He gave few statements publicly b/c he lacked authority to do anything. His goal was to save the Union at all costs. Inevitably, that meant war. However, the North was in no mood to fight. . Chapter 20 Girding For War, The North and The South South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter • • • • • • Fort Sumter, in Charleston SC, was still part of the union. Lincoln tried to send provisions to Sumter, but SC saw it as aggression. April 12,1861 SC opened fire on fort. Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Provoked North, and Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen. Call for troops angered South, caused 4 more states to secede, Conf. capital moved to Richmond, VA. . Brother’s Blood and Border Blood o o o o o Border states - Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri would almost double manufacturing capacity of the South Lincoln said from the beginning of the war that he was not fighting to free the blacks, but to save the Union Five civilized tribes mostly sided with the Confederacy . The Balance of Forces • • • • Strengths of the Union Contained most of the factories, therefore having better weapons and a better economy. RR Shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets disabled the South, as well as the breakdown of the Southern railroad. The North was wealthier. The North controlled the sea. • • • • • Strengths of the South The North had to invade a vast territory. Confederacy only needed to fight the invaders to a draw for independence. South had a high morale because they were fighting on their land for their own cause. The South had more talented military leaders. . Dethroning King Cotton o o o o South realized that their only chance of winning the war was with foreign intervention. Britain was the CSA’s main hope for intervention. Britain backed off from helping the CSA because they didn’t want to lose the northern economic support and provoke war. The northern crops of wheat and corn became more important than cotton because there were surpluses of cotton still left in England from prewar years. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy • • • • The CSA never abandoned its dream of foreign intervention and Europe’s rulers schemed to take advantage of American distress. Trent- British steamer stopped by a union warship. Two confederate diplomats forcibly removed from it. Britons outraged, men released. Unneutral building in England of confederate commerce raiders Alabama- flew confederate flag but was manned by British. Foreign Flare-Ups o o o o o London bought two ships for the Royal Navy from the South. Irish-Americans unleashed their fury on Canada Two great nations emerged from Civil War- a united United States and a united Canada British Parliament established the Dominion of Canada Napoleon tried to take advantage of America by dispatching a French army to Mexico City. His plan was unsuccessful. Lincoln v. Davis • • • • Davis was handcuffed from the beginning by the loose confederation. With the economy of the S. in distress, Davis lacked the authority to move. Governors around the South were less interested in the CSA than own states. Davis was a strong leader, but not a good one. Lincoln o o o o Lincoln was also unpopular, but w/ a strong economy, had more power. His own party and generals were critical of him. The Constitution limited Lincoln to do what needed to be done. But, Lincoln simply did what needed to be done. What Constitution? • • • • • • Formed a blockade of the South Increased size of army. Appropriated $ to the military. Suspended writ of habeas corpus Supervised voting in border states. Censored newspapers unfavorable to cause. Raising Troops - North • • • By 1863, volunteers had dried up. Congress passed a fed. conscription law allowing for more soldiers. Unfair to the poor • • • Wealthy could pay someone to take place $300 to gov’t in return for no service Riot in New York ag. Lincoln gov’t Raising Troops – South o o o o South also relied on a primarily volunteer army. Instituted conscription a year before the North. No rioting over service in South Both North and South (why?) had to deal with large numbers of deserters. Economic South o o o o o Relied on King Cotton to get them the necessary funding for the war. B/c of large surpluses, the demand for cotton was not great. Indiv. States didn’t share w/ CSA Customs duties off due to blockade. Inflation up 9,000% by 1865. Economic North o o o o Many industrialists took advantage of opportunity to make $$. Inflation was up, but not anything like the S Millionaires became more common during the war than anytime before. Labor-saving machinery made way for more men to serve in military. Women of the Civil War o o o o Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell – physician – org. U.S. Sanitary Commission. Clara Barton / Dorothea Dix – transformed nursing for the Union Army. Sally Tompkins – Infirmary for the CSA Women in the North also did fund raisers to aid the Union Army.