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Manifest Destiny
• Even though the land in the West was inhabited by
Native Americans, Americans saw it as uninhabited.
• Many Americans felt that the United States was destined
to stretch from Ocean to Ocean.
Manifest destiny: this suggests that expansion was not
just good, it was bound to happen even if it meant
pushing Native Americans and Mexicans out of the way.
Land Acquisition
Texas Revolution
• When Mexico declared its
independence from Spain in
1821, the new country
included what is now Texas,
most of the Southwest, and
California.
• The Mexican government
established liberal land
policies to entice settlers.
• Americans flooded the
region. In return for the
land they were supposed to
become Mexican citizens.
Republic of Texas
• The Americans refused to become citizens of Mexico
and ignored the law.
• One law that Mexico had in place prohibited slavery.
The settlers ignored this law as well.
• When Mexico tried to restore order and enforce their
laws, the setters rebelled and declared independence.
The Lone Star Republic
• In September 1836, Texans raised a flag with a single
star. The adopted the above name for their new
Republic.
• They had their own army and navy. Sam Houston was
elected president.
• Many Texans wanted to be a part of the U.S.
• Northerners feared Texas would be a slave slate if
allowed into the Union.
• Others feared the annexation of Texas would cause a
war with Mexico.
Remember the Alamo
James K. Polk
• Elected in 1844, Polk made the
idea of Manifest Destiny a
government policy.
• He wanted to take over the Oregon
territory which was disputed with
Britain.
• During is term an arrangement is
made and border between the U.S.
and Canada remains the same to
this day.
• 54, 40 or Fight
War with Mexico
• During Polk’s presidency he focused on
obtaining the Southwest from Mexico.
• He tried to buy the land and that failed.
• He provoked Mexico until American troops
were attacked.
• Mexico was already provoked by the
annexation of Texas.
• Polk used the attack on U.S. troops to
argue for a declaration of war.
Wilmot Proviso
• The Wilmot Proviso, one
of the major events
leading to the Civil War,
would have banned
slavery in any territory to
be acquired from Mexico
in the Mexican War or in
the future, including the
area later known as the
Mexican Cession.
Western Trails
• Oregon Trail: The four to six month journey
spanned over half the continent as the wagon
trail proceeded about 2,000 miles west through
territories and land that later became six U.S.
states
Mormon Trail
• One group that travelled west
did so for religious reasons.
• Many people disapproved of
the teachings of a religious
group called the Mormons.
Polygamy: the practice of being
married to more than one wife.
Brigham Young, the Mormon
leader, moved his people out of
the United States and created a
settlement near the Great Salt
Lake.
Brigham Young
• Young had a variety of
nicknames, among the most
popular being "American
Moses," because, like the
Biblical figure, Young led his
followers, the Mormon
pioneers, in an exodus
through a desert, to what
they saw as a promised
land.
The Gold Rush
• In 1839, a Swiss Immigrant
named John Sutter convinced the
Mexican governor to grant him
50,000 acres of land in the
unsettled Sacramento Valley.
• Sutter built a fort and began to
build his perfect empire.
• In 1848, Sutter sent a carpenter
named John Marshall down to the
river to build a saw mill.
Gold Discovered
• Marshall discovered something shiny while
working on the mill.
• News of Marshall’s discovery spread quickly.
• People rushed to the American River to strike it
rich.
• Within a year thousands of people started to
move West.
How to Reach California
1. Sail 18,000 miles around South
America.
2. Sail to the isthmus of Panama, cross
over by land, swamp, and lake.
3. Travel the trails across North America
braving weather, Native Americans,
and the hardships of the trail.
Because the adventure was so tough
most of the gold miners were male.
Gold Rush Terms
•
•
•
•
49ers
Boom Town
Wild West
Ghost Town
Calico
Tombstone
Reform Movements
Causes:
• New religious ideas
that people should
help each other.
• Awareness of social
problems.
• Cheap newspapers
to publicize more
information.
Effects:
• Abolitionists work to
end slavery.
• Temperance
societies form.
• Workers form
unions.
• Public Education
• Women campaign
for equal rights.
• Three people who lent powerful voices to the abolition
movement were:
Sojourner Truth
Susan B. Anthony
William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
• Douglass was a runaway slave
who sought freedom in the North.
• He went to work for William Lloyd
Garrison at the Liberator and
editor and writer for the paper.
• Douglass eventually started his
own paper called The North Star.
• During the Civil War he recruited
blacks into the army.
California Applies for Statehood
• The rush for gold brought thousands of people
into the territory and made it possible to apply for
statehood.
• Most California residents wanted the state to be
a free state.
• The South wanted California to be divided in half
and made half free and half slave.
California Enters the Union Free
• California grew so quickly that
Zachary Taylor allowed them to
apply for statehood before going
through the territory stage.
• This gave Southerners little time
to move out west to influence
the vote.
• In 1850, California was admitted
as a free state which gave the
Northern states control in the
House and the Senate.
Zachary Taylor
The Compromise of 1850
• The Compromise of 1850 was an
intricate package of five bills.
• It was introduced by Senator Henry
Clay.
• It avoided secession or civil war at
the time and quieted sectional
conflict for four years until the
divisive Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Clay’s Plan
1. To Please the North: California would be
admitted as a free state. The slave trade would
be banned in Washington D.C.
2. To Please the South: Congress would not pass
laws regarding slavery in the other territories
and would pass a stronger law regarding
runaway slaves.
Both sides felt they had to give up too much.
Fugitive Slave Act
• The Fugitive Slave Act
was passed by the
United States Congress
on September 18,
1850.
Fugitive Slave Act
• This was one of the most
controversial acts of the 1850
compromise. It declared that
all runaway slaves be brought
back to their masters.
• Abolitionists nicknamed it the
"Bloodhound Law" for the
dogs that were used to track
down runaway slaves.
• People who hid slaves could
be arrested or fined.
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
So this is the lady who
started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Uncle Tom's Cabin is an antislavery novel by American author
Harriet Beecher Stowe.
• Published in 1852, Uncle Tom's
Cabin first appeared as a 40-week
serial in National Era, an
abolitionist periodical. Because of
it’s popularity it was later
transformed into a book.
• The novel had a profound effect on
attitudes toward African Americans
and slavery in the United States.
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
1852
 Sold 300,000
copies in
the first year.
 2 million in a
decade!
1852 Presidential Election
Franklin Pierce was the 14th PresidentDemocrat
His inoffensive personality caused him to
make many friends, but he suffered tragedy
in his personal life and as president
subsequently made decisions which were
widely criticized and divisive in their effects,
thus giving him the reputation as one of the
worst presidents in U.S. history
√ Franklin Pierce
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The issue of slavery brought bloodshed
to the West in 1854 when Stephen A.
Douglas of Illinois drafted a bill to reorganize the territorial governments in
the Nebraska Territory.
• Douglas proposed that the territory be
divided into two territories: Kansas and
Nebraska
• The issue of slavery would be handled
by popular sovereignty.
Stephen Douglas
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
The new law would get rid of the Missouri Compromise.
Why???
Southerners supported the idea of getting rid of the
Missouri Compromise.
Few people realized that passing this law would turn
Kansas into a battlefield over slavery.
Bleeding Kansas
• Pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers rushed to the Kansas
territory to vote.
• At the time of the election there were more pro-slavery
settlers because 5,000 Missiourians crossed over and voted
illegally.
• Anti-slavery protestors boycotted the official government
and formed a government of their own.
• Settlers on both sides armed themselves.
• John Brown was an abolitionist who was born in
Connecticut but raised in Ohio.
• The Akron home of John Brown stands at Copley and
Diagonal Roads in West Akron.
John Brown and Akron
• John Brown moved to Akron in 1844 and
worked with Simon Perkins Jr. The
Perkins mansion still stands across from
the Brown home.
• Simon Perkins Jr. was the
son of Simon Perkins,
founder of Akron.
John Brown
• John Brown was an extreme
abolitionist who showed up after
a mob of pro-slavery settlers
attacked the town of Lawrence,
Kansas.
• Brown set out to avenge the
attack. He and seven others
murdered five people involved in
the attack.
• A civil war broke out in Kansas
that lasted for three years.
“Bleeding Kansas”
Violence in Congress
Preston Brooks
Charles Sumner
• While violence was being spread in Kansas, blood was being
spilled in the nation’s capital.
• Senator Charles Sumner gave a speech attacking pro-slavery
forces in Kansas.
• A.P. Butler of NC told a relative about the speech and the relative,
Preston Brooks, attacked Sumner at his desk in his office.
Founding of the Republican Party
• The Republican Party was first
organized in 1854, growing out of the
opposition to Stephen Douglas's
January introduction of the KansasNebraska Act.
• Differences on the issue of slavery
caused the Whig Party to split.
• Southern Whigs were destroyed by
the split.
• Northern Whigs became the
Republican Party.
American Party
Know Nothings
• The Know Nothing movement
was a nativist American political
movement of the 1840s and
1850s.
• It was empowered by popular
fears that the country was being
overwhelmed by Irish Catholic
immigrants.
Nativism: opposed to immigration
or recent immigrants into the
country.
1856 Presidential Election
√ James Buchanan
Democrat
John C. Frémont
Republican
Millard Fillmore
Know-Nothings
In the North the race was between Buchanan and Fremont, in the South
the race was between Buchanan and Fillmore. Buchanan wins the
majority because the opposing voters were split.
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
The split in the country was made
worse after the Supreme Court
ruled in the Dred Scott case.
When Scott’s owner died, he
sued for his freedom.
The courts ruled against Scott.
The opinion of the court was that
Scott was not a U.S. citizen and
could not use the legal system.
The Lincoln-Douglas
Debates, 1858
The Lincoln–Douglas Debates of 1858 were a series
of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the
Republican candidate, and the incumbent Stephen A.
Douglas, a Democrat, for an Illinois seat in the United
States Senate.
The main discussion in all the debates was slavery.
Topics discussed:
-Missouri Compromise
-Bleeding Kansas
-Dred Scott
-Fugitive Slave Law
The House Divided Speech
"A house divided against itself cannot
stand." I believe this government cannot
endure, permanently, half slave and half
free. I do not expect the Union to be
dissolved — I do not expect the house to
fall — but I do expect it will cease to be
divided.
John Brown at Harper’s Ferry
In 1859, John Brown planned to inspire slaves to fight for their
freedom. To do this he needed to capture the arsenal at
Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
Brown and 18 followers captured the arsenal and killed four
people in the raid.
The Fate of John Brown
• Brown and six others were captured after battling with
U.S. Marines. They were executed.
• Southerners were outraged at Brown’s actions.
• Northerners considered him a hero and bells and guns
were used to salute him after he was executed.
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
1860
Presidential
Election
Stephen A. Douglas
Northern Democrat
John Bell
Constitutional
Union
John C.
Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
The Election Becomes Two Races
The North
Abraham Lincoln
Stephen Douglas
The South
John Breckinridge
John Bell
Lincoln and Breckinridge
had the most extreme
views.
Douglas and Bell were
considered moderate
with their views.
Lincoln won because the
population in the North
was greater.
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart
1860
Election
Results
Southern States Secede
• Before the election many Southerners warned that
they would secede from the Union.
• The Southern state’s argued that they had voluntarily
joined the Union and they could voluntarily leave.
• On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the
first state to secede.
• In the upcoming weeks, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined the secession.
• Early 1861 the states that seceded met to discuss
forming a confederate government.
Crittenden Plan:
A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
John J. Crittenden proposed a
compromise plan involving six
constitutional amendments and
four resolutions.
The heart of the compromise
was an amendment prohibiting
slavery in all territory of the
United States "now held, or
hereafter acquired," north of
latitude 36 degrees 30
minutes.
Senator John J. Crittenden
(Know-Nothing-KY)
South Carolina Secedes! Dec. 20, 1860
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861