Download Chapter 19 - Madison County Schools

Chapter 18
Renewing the Sectional
Struggle
1848- 1854
Political Climate
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Throughout the struggle over the slave
issue, the two major parties did not break
Democrats in the North & South supported
their candidates as did Whigs.
However, sectional differences are going
to test their resolve.
Election of 1848 will start to fracture the
stability of the parties.
Election of 1848
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Zachary Taylor – War hero of the Mexican
War was the Whig candidate.
Martin Van Buren ran for a new party
known as the Free-Soilers.
Democrats nominated General Cass, also a
war hero, but the War of 1812.
Taylor won in a close election and the
Whigs had elected their 2nd President.
California
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Taylor had hoped to sit out the debate
over slavery and just run the country.
The Gold Rush in 1849 saw a tremendous
population explosion in California.
California applied for statehood in 1849 as
a free state.
They needed federal protection b/c of the
lawlessness out West.
Politics at Work
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Abolition – get rid of slavery altogether
Wilmott Proviso – No new territories
from Mexico could be slave states.
Missouri Compromise – Line of
demarcation to determine slave/free
Popular Sovereignty – states should
make that decision w/out fed gov’t.
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Sectional Strife
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In 1848, there were 15
free states and 15 slave
states – and California.
The South felt they were
being cheated.
Slaves had been escaping
in greater numbers and
weak laws didn’t help
Though the number of
slaves escaping was low, it
was the principle in the
South
Compromise of 1850
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Clay, Webster, and Calhoun took centerstage to work out a compromise.
It had to be as fair as possible to both
sides, but both had to budge.
They called for a free California, but
tougher fugitive slave laws.
After 7 months of debate, it passed
Congress in 1850.
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Uncompromising
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The North got the better end of the
deal.
D.C. outlawed slave trading and it
was a matter of time before slavery
ended.
California tipped the scale to free
states.
The South did get a tougher Fugitive
Slave Law, but many in the North
ignored it.
Some states even pondered
nullification like S.C. did on tariffs.
Compromise Problems
The Compromise was effective for a short
while, but never a solution.
o William Seward argued that a higher law
than the Constitution should prevail.
o President Taylor helped the Compromise
become reality by dying.
o Page 407 and 409 in text lay out the
compromise as well as states affected.
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Election of 1852
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Franklin Pierce was the safe
candidate for the Democrats.
The Whigs ignored their party
leaders and went with war hero
– Winfield Scott.
Democrats chose Pierce because
he was favorable to the South
and backed Comp.
The Whigs also endorsed the
compromise but not as
enthusiastically.
Election of 1852
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Pierce won in a landslide, but the
election had significant consequences.
It brought an end to the Whig Party.
Slavery and its future had been the real
topic driving the election.
A short end to the two-party system in
America.
Sectionalism will be the political focus for
decades.
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Manifest Destiny
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Pierce was looking to expand
American influence and slave
territory.
There was an attempt by a
southerner, William Walker, to
take Nicaragua.
Though it failed, the South looked
to other lands to spread slavery.
William Perry also opened up
trade with China and Japan.
Huge economic gains.
Manifest Destiny
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The South wanted to take Cuba from
Spain and Pierce tried to buy it.
The Ostend Manifesto was drawn up to
offer Spain $125 million, or we’d take it.
The North was outraged and the plan
dropped.
Europe was entangled in the Crimean War,
and there was little to stop us.
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Railroad Debate
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The Western territory of California had
proved rich, but hard to get at.
A proposed railroad was the answer, but
an expensive undertaking.
The question became whether the rail
would lead from the North or South.
The Gadsden Purchase allowed for easy
access through the South.
Kansas-Nebraska
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Stephan A. Douglas owned stock in the
Chicago rail industry.
He wanted Chicago to be the hub to the
West.
Douglas proposed that Kansas and
Nebraska be brought into the Union.
Kansas would be slave and Nebraska
would be free.
Kansas-Nebraska
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Southerners loved the idea b/c this gave
them one more slave state.
Problem – Missouri Compromise wouldn’t
allow it. The North didn’t like it.
Southerners loved it and backed Douglas
in the Senate and all of Congress.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed Congress
and Douglas made a mint.
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Results
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Two compromises were effectively
nullified. – Missouri and that of 1850.
The Democratic Party was torn apart by
the Kansas – Nebraska Act.
Politics in America were split like the
Church – North and South.
The South remained a stronghold for
Democrats.
A new party emerged – Republicans.
Chapter 19
Drifting Toward Disunion
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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Written By Harriet Beecher
Stowe
Very popular novel that exposed
the harsh life of slavery
Helped to start and win the Civil
War
Stowe claimed that God wrote it,
which revealed the deeper
sources of the Second Great
Awakening
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Bleeding Kansas
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In many ways, the first shots of the
Civil War were fired here
Was slavery practical in this territory?
John Brown, perhaps the most
militant and famous abolitionist of the
time, emerged
A civil war of sorts broke out in
Kansas, with both sides looking for a
victory
Kansas
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Problems in Kansas –
“slaveryites” and “freesoilers” both fought for
control.
Few slaves were actually
taken to Kansas
In the election of the
territorial legislature,
“slaveryites” poured into to
Kansas to vote
This tipped the scale and the
gov’t was pro-slavery
Another gov’t set up in
Lawrence, KS
LeCompton Constitution
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Argument over whether KS should be free
or slave was to be settled in Congress.
Pro-slave gov’t proposed a Constitution
that allowed slavery and one that allowed
slaves.
Buchanan supported the Lecompton gov’t,
but Douglas supported pop. Sovereignty.
In the end, the Constitution was voted
down
Bleeding Congress(man)
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In 1856, Sen. Charles
Sumner of Mass. gave a
speech in which he insulted
South Carolina
Congressman Preston Brooks
of S.C. wanted to challenge a
duel.
Instead, on May 22, 1856,
Brooks walked into the
Senate and beat Sumner
with his cane.
The North was appalled.
The S. sent Brooks a bunch
of canes.
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Election of 1856
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James Buchanan (D), John C.
Fremont(R), and Millard Fillmore
(Know-Nothing)-nativist
Kansas was the main issue, so all
parties chose candidates w/ no ties to
Kansas.
Buchanan won, and once again, the
Union was preserved – for now.
The results showed a fracturing nation.
Dred Scott
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Scott was a slave who had lived in the free
soil areas of the Wisconsin Territory
He sued for his freedom, on the grounds
of living on free soil for 5 years
The Court Ruled that Scott could not sue,
because he had no rights
Furthermore, they said that a slave could
be taken to any territory by their master
and used as slaves…. This sent
shockwaves through the nation……Why?
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Abraham Lincoln
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Came into the spotlight in
the Illinois Senatorial
Election against Stephen
Douglas in 1858
Great debates between the
two ensued and Americans
became aware of Lincoln
Argued over who had the
right to expand
slavery…people or the
court. The Result…
Douglas won – Lincoln lost
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Lincoln
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Although Douglas won his Senate seat
back, Lincoln was now established.
Lincoln was personally against slavery, but
politically for the Union.
Lincoln was seen as a common man, but
also as self-made.
Though Douglas won his seat in the
Senate, Lincoln would locate a loftier
position.
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Harper’s Ferry
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John Brown planned to attack the
South and get the slaves to rise
up and revolt.
In Virginia, October of ’59, he
and his small band of men
attacked a military arsenal.
Brown was wounded and
captured by a group of Marines.
(Robert E. Lee)
He was tried and sentenced to
death.
Free-soilers were outraged.
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Democratic Convention
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Met in Baltimore in 1860 to nominate a
candidate for President.
Southern delegates walked out because
they saw Douglas as a traitor to the
South.
Douglas got the nomination.
So did Breckinridge (Southern Democrats)
The Democratic Party had thus split.
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Republican Convention
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Met in Chicago and were excited about
winning b/c the Dem. Party was split.
Seward, Bates and Chase were the front
runners.
They nominated Abraham Lincoln, although
many thought him a simpleton.
His speech was “backwoods” but he
appealed to the common man.
Some referred to him as the “Great Baboon”
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Candidates in 1860
Abe Lincoln – Rep.
John Breckinridge - D
Stephen Douglas - Dem
John Bell – Const Union
Election of 1860
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As expected, the Democratic vote was
split between Breckinridge and Douglas.
Bell won the border states of KY, TN and
VA.
Lincoln swept the North and garnered
enough electoral votes for the win.
The die was cast.
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Secession
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Within a few days of election results,
South Carolina seceded.
Within 4 weeks, so had Georgia, Florida,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana & Texas
A government was est. in Montgomery, AL
known as the Confederate States of Am.
Jefferson Davis of KY was chosen as Pres.
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Last Attempt
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Another Kentuckian, Crittenden,
attempted one last compromise to save
the Union.
It resembled the Missouri Compromise,
but Lincoln refused to accept it.
It essentially called for the South to be
able to annex anything S. of 36’.
Lincoln feared the U.S. would invade
anyone possible.
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Final Days of Peace
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Most of the secession took place during
Buchanan’s lame duck period.
Lincoln would be severely criticized, but
remained strong.
He gave few statements publicly b/c he
lacked authority to do anything.
His goal was to save the Union at all costs.
Inevitably, that meant war. However, the
North was in no mood to fight.
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Chapter 20
Girding For War, The
North and The South
South Carolina Assails Fort
Sumter
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Fort Sumter, in Charleston SC, was still part of
the union.
Lincoln tried to send provisions to Sumter, but
SC saw it as aggression.
April 12,1861 SC opened fire on fort. Sumter
surrendered 34 hours later.
Provoked North, and Lincoln called for 75,000
militiamen.
Call for troops angered South, caused 4 more
states to secede, Conf. capital moved to
Richmond, VA.
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Brother’s Blood and Border Blood
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Border states - Missouri, Kentucky,
Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia
Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri would
almost double manufacturing capacity
of the South
Lincoln said from the beginning of the
war that he was not fighting to free the
blacks, but to save the Union
Five civilized tribes mostly sided with
the Confederacy
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The Balance of Forces
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Strengths of the
Union
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Contained most of the
factories, therefore having
better weapons and a better
economy. RR
Shortages of shoes,
uniforms, and blankets
disabled the South, as well
as the breakdown of the
Southern railroad.
The North was wealthier.
The North controlled the
sea.
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Strengths of the
South
The North had to invade a
vast territory.
Confederacy only needed to
fight the invaders to a draw
for independence.
South had a high morale
because they were fighting
on their land for their own
cause.
The South had more talented
military leaders.
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Dethroning King Cotton
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South realized that their only chance of
winning the war was with foreign
intervention.
Britain was the CSA’s main hope for
intervention.
Britain backed off from helping the CSA
because they didn’t want to lose the
northern economic support and provoke war.
The northern crops of wheat and corn
became more important than cotton because
there were surpluses of cotton still left in
England from prewar years.
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy
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The CSA never abandoned its dream of
foreign intervention and Europe’s rulers
schemed to take advantage of American
distress.
Trent- British steamer stopped by a union
warship. Two confederate diplomats forcibly
removed from it. Britons outraged, men
released.
Unneutral building in England of confederate
commerce raiders
Alabama- flew confederate flag but was
manned by British.
Foreign Flare-Ups
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London bought two ships for the Royal Navy
from the South.
Irish-Americans unleashed their fury on
Canada
Two great nations emerged from Civil War- a
united United States and a united Canada
British Parliament established the Dominion of
Canada
Napoleon tried to take advantage of America
by dispatching a French army to Mexico City.
His plan was unsuccessful.
Lincoln v. Davis
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Davis was handcuffed from the beginning
by the loose confederation.
With the economy of the S. in distress,
Davis lacked the authority to move.
Governors around the South were less
interested in the CSA than own states.
Davis was a strong leader, but not a good
one.
Lincoln
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Lincoln was also unpopular, but w/ a
strong economy, had more power.
His own party and generals were critical of
him.
The Constitution limited Lincoln to do
what needed to be done.
But, Lincoln simply did what needed to be
done.
What Constitution?
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Formed a blockade of the South
Increased size of army.
Appropriated $ to the military.
Suspended writ of habeas corpus
Supervised voting in border states.
Censored newspapers unfavorable to
cause.
Raising Troops - North
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By 1863, volunteers had dried up.
Congress passed a fed. conscription law
allowing for more soldiers.
Unfair to the poor
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Wealthy could pay someone to take place
$300 to gov’t in return for no service
Riot in New York ag. Lincoln gov’t
Raising Troops – South
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South also relied on a primarily volunteer
army.
Instituted conscription a year before the
North.
No rioting over service in South
Both North and South (why?) had to deal
with large numbers of deserters.
Economic South
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Relied on King Cotton to get them the
necessary funding for the war.
B/c of large surpluses, the demand for
cotton was not great.
Indiv. States didn’t share w/ CSA
Customs duties off due to blockade.
Inflation up 9,000% by 1865.
Economic North
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Many industrialists took advantage of
opportunity to make $$.
Inflation was up, but not anything like the
S
Millionaires became more common during
the war than anytime before.
Labor-saving machinery made way for
more men to serve in military.
Women of the Civil War
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Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell – physician – org.
U.S. Sanitary Commission.
Clara Barton / Dorothea Dix – transformed
nursing for the Union Army.
Sally Tompkins – Infirmary for the CSA
Women in the North also did fund raisers
to aid the Union Army.