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Download Civil War Section 3 “Fighting the War” The War in the West
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Civil War Section 3 “Fighting the War” The War in the West Confederacy won most battles in the East. Union won most battles in the West. Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee. This give the North Control over Kentucky and much of Tennessee. Shiloh Grant rested his troops near a church called Shiloh. Confederate troops surprised Grant's soldiers beginning the Battle of Shiloh. By the end of the day Union troops get pushed back to the Tennessee River. New Union troops arrive at night to help. Grant counterattacks and the Confederates were out numbered. Union: 13,000 causalities Confederacy: 10,000 including General Johnston. Union wins the battle. New Orleans Was the largest city in the South. It would allow the Union to cut off supplies to Western Confederate forces. Confederate forces open fire from gunboats and launched bombs. Union troops outnumbered the Confederates again. April 12 New Orleans was forced to surrender. Eastern Campaign The Peninsula Campaign McClellan trained his men in pride and discipline. However he was a cautious man and sometimes did not do what the President wanted. Peninsula Campaign: Take Richmond. Do not march directly on the city, McClellan says we need to transport more than 100,000 men, 300 canons, and 25,000 animals by water to the Peninsula between the York and James Rivers. Hit Richmond from the southeast and it forces the Confederates southward to defend Richmond. McClellan hesitated. Yorktown and Seven Pines Lincoln orders McClellan to attack on Yorktown. McClellan does not (said there were too many enemy troops). The Confederates hold Yorktown until May. Battle of Seven Pines: May 31, 1862 east of Richmond and the South outnumbered again. Seven Days Campaign McClellan rest Lee attacks Lee sends “Jeb” Stuart to gather information on the enemy positions. Using the info Lee and Jackson attacked the Union army in the 7 days campaign. June 25, July 1 Victory for the South b/c McClellan rested Lincoln removes McClellan from command and gives it to General John Pope. Lee defeats Pope at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run McClellan is back in command. A Shift in the War Aims Beginning to move against Slavery Republicans push for legislation that authorized African Americans to serve in the military. The legislation would also free slaves held by Confederate soldiers or by Confederate allies. Lincoln signs it. Lincoln wanted the slaves to fight for the North so they could win. Emancipation Proclamation The constitution said nothing about slavery being illegal. Lincoln wants to issue a new military order. All slaves living in areas still rebelling against the United States would be free. Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln said would only apply to the Confederate states. Antietam Sept. 4, 1862 Lee crossing the Potomatic River into Maryland. Union forces lost track of Confederate troops for 4 days. Union soldiers came upon Lee's battle plans wrapped around a discarded pack of cigars. McClellan planned a counterattack McClellan met Lee at Antietam Creek in Maryland. Union out numbered the North by 20,000 plus. Antietam The Battle raged all day, becoming the bloodiest single-day battle in all of U.S. Military history. 25,000 deaths in all Lincoln fired McClellan because he allowed the Confederate troops to escape into VA. Lee could be defeated. No European countries will help the South Lincoln moves forward with the Emancipation Proclamation. African Americans Take up Arms Many African Americans recruited by the Union Army served in the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. Led the charge at Fort Wagner. The 54th clawed their way to the top of Fort Wagner's sloping walls. Almost 2 months later the Confederates evacuated the fort. African American soldiers earned half the pay of white soldiers. White officers are in charge of the black officers. Martin Delany became the first African American promoted to the rank of major in 1865. 180,000 African Americans served in the Union Army 32,000 gave their lives More than 20 African Americans earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. New Union Commanders Ambrose E. Burnside takes command of the Union Army after the defeat of Antietam Burnside sends some 114,000 troops to Fredericksburg, VA. Due to very bad maneuvering of the Union troops the South wins. One northerner stated, “great slaughter pen.” Chancellorsville Lincoln transfers Burnside and places General Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker in charge of the Eastern Forces. Hookers troops double the size of the Confederate Army. Lee and Jackson attack the Union troops from both sides.After several days of fighting Hooker withdrew in defeat. South suffers Section 3 Review Answer Review Questions and Complete the Vocabulary Terms and People we covered today. Section 4 The Final Phase Gettysburg • Lee wants to invade the North. • Lee needed to seize the enemy to obtain supplies and food. • Hooker like McClellan did not attack when Lincoln wanted him to so Lincoln fired Hooker and hired General George Meade. • A supply of shoes came in at Gettysburg. The South was going to raid the shoes; however the North had set up two positions on Gettysburg. The South went to raid shoes and met the fires of the Union Army. Gettysburg • 1st day of battle Confederates push the Union back to Cemetery Hill and Cemetery Ridge. • North held the higher ground which was bad for the South. • Lee decided to attack first. • Lee ordered George Pickett and his 15,000 troops to rush the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Only half the Confederate soldiers survived Pickett's Charge. Pickett's Charge • Confederate lieutenant G.W. Finley later wrote, “Men were falling all around us, and cannon and muskets were raining death upon us.” • Pickett did not have enough men for a 2nd attack, Meade could not counterattack due to the bad weather, giving Lee a chance to retreat and go back to VA. Gettysburg • 3 days of fighting • Union: 23,000 + • Confederate: 20,000 + • Lincoln gives the Gettysburg Address to dedicate the cemetery to the fallen soldiers. • Union wins at Gettysburg • Union army proves they can beat the South for good. Lincoln finds his General • Vicksburg: • Grant says he has to take Vicksburg in order to stop the Confederates. • 6 weeks Grant and his men laid siege to the town. • Siege of Vicksburg: city defenders began eating mules and rats to keep from starving. • Confederates want to surrender. • Confederates surrender causing another fort at Port Hudson to fall. • The Union has TOTAL control of the Mississippi River. Summer of 1864 • Grant informs Lincoln he will march on Richmond and take his losses and press on. • Grant planned a war of attrition: that is to continue fighting until the South ran out of men, supplies, and will. • 122,000 Union troops fight against 66,000 Confederate men for 2 days. A lost of 28,000 men. • Grant keeps pushing forcing Lee to keep his men in the field. Summer of 1864 • After 3 more days of fighting Grant was getting discouraged that the south was not giving up. • Since May 12th (its now June) Grant had lost 60,000 men. • Grant rested in Petersburg. • Lee's army steadily dwindled, and few reserves remained. Sherman's March to the Sea • Sherman and Grant are a perfect match. • Moody, ambitious, and brilliant. • Commander of the Tennessee Army • Destroy southern railroads and industries. • 100,000 troops march toward Georgia. • Out maneuvered General Johnston's • Atlanta fell on September 2, 1864: Confederate's lost their last railroad tracks across the Appalachian Mountains. Sherman's March to the Sea • Ordered residents to evacuate • Sherman's men set fire to large portions of the city. • Sherman, “ If Southerners raise a howl against my barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is war, and not popularity-seeking. If they want peace, they and their relatives must stop the war.” • The fall of Georgia boosted Lincoln's re-election campaign. • Sherman's success renewed hope that the conflict would soon end. • Lincoln won the election of 1864 • Sherman took all supplies that would help him and his men and destroyed the rest. • Uprooted crops, burned farmhouses, slaughtered livestock, and tore up railroad tracks. • Sherman was fighting a total war. Sherman's March • Sherman: “must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.....we can not change the hearts of THOSE people of the South.” • In December Sherman and his troops head North to resupply and help Grant and his troops. Surrender at Appomattox • Grants troops battered Richmond. • Lee withdrew from Richmond. • Union troops poured into the Confederate capital. • Lee's army is half the size of Grants. • Lee flees westward. • Lee ask for terms of surrender because he has lost too many men and they have NO food. Surrender at Appomattox • April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant met in a house in VA called Appomattox Court House. • Terms of surrender were simple: Confederate officers keep their side arms, All soldiers would be fed and allowed to keep their horses and mules. None would be tried for treason. • As Lee rode off on his horse the Union troops started to cheer but out of respect Grant silenced them. Grant stated, “The War is over.” “ The rebels are our countrymen again.” Lee's statement to his troops • “I have done for you all that is was in my power to do. You have done all your duty. Leave the result to God. Go to your homes and resume your occupations. Obey the laws and become as good citizens as you were soldiers.” The End of the Civil War General Johnston surrenders to Sherman and on April 26, 1985 the war is over. Review Questions Answer Section 4 Review Questions Review • How did General Grant's terms of surrender promote reconciliation between the North and the South?