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1
Chapter Introduction
This chapter will explain the growing conflict over
slavery and states’ rights that led to southern
secession and Civil War. It will focus on the impact
of the war on the North and South and the outcomes
of Reconstruction.
• Section 1: The Union in Crisis
• Section 2: Lincoln, Secession, and War
• Section 3: The Civil War
• Section 4: The Reconstruction Era
Objectives
•
Trace the growing conflict over the issue of
slavery in the western territories.
•
Explain how the Fugitive Slave Act increased
northern opposition to slavery.
•
Analyze the importance of the Dred Scott
decision.
Terms and People
•
Wilmot Proviso – 1846 amendment to an
appropriations bill which called for a ban on slavery
in any territory gained from the Mexican-American
War
•
Free-Soil Party – a political party whose members
sought to prevent the expansion of slavery into
western territories
•
Compromise of 1850 – a measure which allowed
California to join the Union as a free state, but left
voters to decide the slavery issue for other territory
acquired from Mexico
Terms and People
(continued)
•
popular sovereignty – the practice of allowing
voters in a territory to decide the slavery issue
•
Harriet Beecher Stowe – the author of the novel
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a condemnation of slavery
•
Kansas-Nebraska Act – a law that divided the
Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska and
then allowed voters to decide the slavery issue
•
John Brown – an abolitionist who led a midnight
raid on a proslavery settlement in Kansas
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Dred Scott v. Sandford – a Supreme Court case
which ruled that African Americans were not
citizens and that Congress did not have the power
to ban slavery in any territory
•
Abraham Lincoln – an 1858 Republican Senate
candidate for Illinois Senate who went on to
become President
How did the issue of slavery divide the
Union?
Differences between the industrial North and
the agricultural South, which had been present
since colonial times, widened in the mid 1800s.
In time, conflict over the issue of slavery led to
the Civil War.
UNDERLYING CAUSES OF
THE WAR
Sectionalism
Economic concerns
States’ Rights
Slavery
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The North and South developed along different lines
NORTH
SOUTH
Diverse economy based on
industry and agriculture
Economy based on agriculture
Large cities undergoing rapid
urbanization
Mainly rural with a few cities
Massive immigration
strengthened the economy
Few immigrants
Favored federal spending on
internal improvements and
wanted high tariffs
Opposed federal spending on
internal improvements and
wanted no tariffs
The Northeast was
economically linked with the
Midwest
Sought to expand by creating
more slave states
Economy based on free labor
Economy based on slave
labor
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GROWTH IN U.S. SLAVE POPULATION 1790-1860
4,000,000
4000000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
2500000
1540000
1,000,000 600,000
500,000
0
1790
1820
1840
10
1860
Southern slave states-1860
11
The South: an economy built
upon agriculture and slavery
12
% of slave ownership in the South-1860
80%
75%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
20%
10%
0%
1%
3%
50 or
more
slaves
20-49
slaves
1-19
slaves
No
slaves
13
Northern Free States
1860
14
The economy of the northern states
“Yankee” ingenuity and inventiveness laid a basis for
expansion
expansion created a huge demand for labor which was
filled by massive European immigration
major inventions include, canals, railroads, telegraph,
sewing machine, steam boat and many others
a transportation and communication revolution changed
the way business was done, speeding up the tempo of
enterprise
U.S. Clipper sailing ships gained superiority for fast
voyages and set speed records until they were replaced by
iron steam driven vessels after mid century
financial and insurance industries developed to serve
the new industrial corporations
American exports climbed as the demand for U.S. raw
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materials increased overseas
The question
of slavery in
the West
arose as a
major issue
during the
MexicanAmerican
War.
To prevent the spread of slavery
in the West, the Wilmot
Proviso was added to a bill in
Congress.
An antislavery political
party, the Free-Soil Party,
was formed in 1848.
The Compromise of 1850
allowed California to join the
Union as a free state.
The Compromise of
1850 allowed people
in territory acquired
from Mexico to vote
on the slavery issue.
The compromise
included the Fugitive
Slave Act, which
required citizens to
help capture runaway
slaves.
Harriet Beecher Stowe was inspired by her
anger over the Fugitive Slave Act to write
Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
The novel, a condemnation of slavery, put a
human face on slavery and sold 300,000 copies.
The book was very influential
in increasing antislavery
sentiment.
Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in
1854.
• The law split the Nebraska Territory into
Nebraska and Kansas and allowed voters to
decide the slavery issue.
• Popular Sovereignty: let the people decide
• Both proslavery and antislavery settlers moved
to Kansas, and violence erupted.
Abolitionist John
Brown conducted a
raid on a proslavery
settlement.
The territory came to
be known as
“Bleeding Kansas.”
In opposition to
slavery, the
Republican Party was
created in 1856.
In 1857, the Dred Scott decision increased
divisions over slavery.
• Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom.
• The Supreme Court ruled against Scott in
Dred Scott v. Sandford.
• The Court declared that African Americans were
not citizens and that Congress did not have the
power to ban slavery in any territory.
Northerners were alarmed.
In 1858 a new voice
joined the slavery debate.
Abraham Lincoln ran for
Senate against Stephen
Douglas and challenged him
to a series of debates.
Douglas won the Senate
race, but Lincoln gained
national attention.
Abolitionist John
Brown seized the
federal arsenal at
Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
in an attempt to ignite
an uprising.
Brown was put on trial
and sentenced to death.
His defense of his actions
made him a martyr to the
antislavery cause.
Objectives
• Compare the candidates in the election of
1860, and analyze the results.
• Analyze why southern states seceded from
the Union.
• Assess the events that led to the outbreak of
war.
Terms and People
•
Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator who
convinced Congress to adopt resolutions
restricting federal control over slavery in the
territories, and who went on to become the
president of the Confederacy
•
John C. Breckinridge – the southern Democrat
presidential nominee in 1860
•
Confederate States of America – established in
1861 by seven southern states that seceded from
the Union
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Crittenden Compromise – proposed 1861
constitutional amendment that would have allowed
slavery in western territories south of the Missouri
Compromise line
•
Fort Sumter – a Union fort which guarded the
harbor at Charleston, South Carolina, and fell to
Confederate forces in 1861, beginning the Civil War
How did the Union finally collapse into
a civil war?
Disagreement over slavery deepened between
North and South despite attempts at
compromise.
The election of Abraham Lincoln as President in
1860 sharpened the crisis. The young Union
was about to dissolve.
The election of 1860 approached as tensions
over slavery and states’ rights ran high.
Jefferson Davis wanted Congress to restrict
federal control over slavery in the territories.
• At their convention, the Democrats argued about
slavery for ten days and split their support.
•
Northern
Democrats:
Stephen
Douglas
Southern
Democrats:
John C.
Breckinridge
Lincoln’s
1860
election
causes the
South to
believe that
their way of
life is
threatened
and the
country is
going in a
direction
that they
do not care
to go.
They try to
check out.
The Whig party united with the Know-Nothings and
nominated John Bell.
The Republican Party nominated Abraham
Lincoln, who was viewed as a moderate.
The Republican platform called for an
end to slavery in the territories.
At the same time they held that there should
be no interference with slavery in states
where it already existed.
Lincoln won the election with 60% of the
electoral votes despite not being on the ballot
in most southern states.
The election
showed there
were no longer
any national
political parties.
The North and
South were
separate and
uniting them
seemed
impossible.
Southerners were very unhappy with the
results of the election. They felt they did not
have a voice in government.
South Carolina held a state convention and voted
to secede from the Union. Six states followed.
These seven states formed the Confederate
States of America in 1861.
The Confederacy
framed its own
constitution
and chose
Jefferson Davis
as its president.
A final compromise
was attempted, called
the Crittenden
Compromise.
The measure did not
pass in the Senate.
President Lincoln took office on March 4,
1861 and declared that there would be no
war unless the South started it.
Four forts—including Fort Sumter in
Charleston harbor—had remained under
Union control when the southern states
seceded.
When Union troops at Fort Sumter
refused to surrender, the Confederates
fired on them.
Northerners were
angered.
Lincoln called for
volunteers to
fight against the
Confederacy.
The South
mobilized troops.
The long Civil War began.
Objectives
• Evaluate the advantages the North enjoyed
in the Civil War.
• Analyze the impact of the Civil War on the
North and South, especially the impact of the
Emancipation Proclamation.
• Explore the outcome and aftermath of the
Civil War.
Terms and People
•
Robert E. Lee – commander of the Confederate
military forces
•
Anaconda Plan – the Union’s plan to starve the
South by seizing the Mississippi and the Gulf of
Mexico so the South could not receive shipments
•
Emancipation Proclamation – a 1863
presidential decree that declared slaves in rebel
states free
•
habeas corpus – a right that guarantees that no
one can be held in prison without specific charges
Terms and People
(continued)
•
inflation – price increases
•
Ulysses S. Grant – Union General who won at
Vicksburg and became commander of all Union
military forces
•
Battle of Gettysburg – a battle in Pennsylvania
that marked the last major Confederate attempt to
invade the North; a turning point in the Civil War
•
Gettysburg Address – speech given by President
Lincoln at a battle cemetery dedication in which he
reaffirmed the ideas for with the Union fought
Terms and People
(continued)
•
William T. Sherman – a Union General who led
60,000 troops on a march of destruction through
Georgia and South Carolina
•
total war – a strategy in which all resources to
feed, clothe, and support an army are targeted
What factors and events led to the
Union victory in the Civil War?
The nation split in two with the election of Lincoln.
From 1861 to 1865, a bloody Civil War was fought
between the United States of America and the
Confederate States of America.
The future of slavery and of the Union was at stake.
Goal
Advantages
The Union
The Confederacy
Preserve the union
Gain independence
• Growing population
• More industry
• Better railroads
• Strong navy
Disadvantages • Small standing army
• Troops were not very
committed
• Lacked the best
military leaders
• Had the nation’s
best military leaders
• Troops committed to
the fight
• Less factories for
making war supplies
• Few vital ports
• Smaller population
The South had the advantage of simply
needing to hold out longer than the Union.
The North had to conquer the Confederacy.
The North
pursued the
Anaconda
Plan to cut
off supplies
to southern
ports.
Confederate
forces were
led by the
experienced
general
Robert E.
Lee.
During the first two years of the war, neither
side gained a clear victory or captured the
other’s capital city.
Early Civil War battles
Bull Run (July 1861)
Shiloh (April 1862)
Antietam (Sept. 1862)
Fredericksburg (Dec. 1862)
Lincoln’s primary goal
was to preserve the
Union.
However, in 1863 he
issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, freeing all
slaves in rebel states.
The Union began to recruit
African American soldiers.
Some 180,000 black men
served.
The Civil War changed civilian life in the
North in many ways.
• Mines and factories increased production to
supply military needs.
• The government raised taxes and tariffs.
• When Congress instituted a draft, riots
broke out in Northern cities.
• Lincoln suspended the right of habeas
corpus.
The tide of the war began to shift in the
Union’s favor in 1863.
After victory at Vicksburg, Union General
Ulysses S. Grant achieved the Union goal of
splitting the Confederacy in two.
Next, the Union faced a Confederate invasion at the
Battle of Gettysburg and defeated Lee’s troops
there. The battle destroyed one third of Lee’s forces.
Grant
Lee
President Lincoln
went to Gettysburg a
few months later to
dedicate a battle
cemetery.
His speech that day, the
Gettysburg Address,
reaffirmed the ideas for
which the Union fought.
Map of the Civil
War
Most Civil War
battles were
fought on
Confederate soil.
Union General William T. Sherman led troops on
a march through Georgia and South Carolina.
Pursuing a strategy of total war, Sherman’s
troops targeted all the resources needed to
support the rebel army.
In spring of 1865, the Confederacy was
exhausted. General Lee surrendered to
General Grant on April 9.
Lincoln is
assassinated
on April 14,
1865…Good
Friday he
dies the next
morning.
April 15
some 6 days
following
Lee’s
surrender to
Grant at
Appomattox,
Virginia.
Lincoln’s seat at
Ford’s Theater
Balcony door that
led to Lincoln’s
private seating box
area…
Bed where Lincoln was laid down after being
wounded by John Wilkes Booth. Directly across
the street from Ford’s theater.
”Now he belongs to the ages…”
Edwin Stanton Lincoln’s Sec of War
The Civil War had many lasting impacts.
The South was in shambles. Freedom promised
new opportunities for African Americans.
Although debates about states’ rights would
continue, never again would states attempt to
secede.
Objectives
•
Explore how Congress and the President
clashed over Reconstruction.
•
Describe the impact of Reconstruction on the
South.
•
Explain how Reconstruction came to an end.
Terms and People
•
Reconstruction – the plan for bringing the South
back into the Union
•
Freedmen’s Bureau – a federal agency designed
to aid freed slaves and relieve the South’s
immediate needs
•
Andrew Johnson – Vice President who became
president when Lincoln was assassinated
•
Thirteenth Amendment – an amendment to the
Constitution ending slavery
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Radical Republicans – politicians who favored
punishment and harsh reorganization for the South
•
impeachment – the act of bringing charges against
an official in order to determine whether he or she
should be removed from office
•
Fourteenth Amendment – an amendment to the
Constitution guaranteeing full citizenship status and
rights to every person born in the United States
Terms and People
(continued)
•
Fifteenth Amendment – guaranteed that no male
citizen should be denied the right to vote on the
basis of “race, color, or previous condition of
servitude”
•
Ku Klux Klan – an organized secret society that
used terror and violence against African Americans
to keep them from voting
•
de jure segregation – legal separation of the races
What were the immediate and
long-term effects of Reconstruction?
When the Civil War ended, the North and the
South faced the challenge of how to reunite.
The modern South was shaped by political
decisions made during the decades after the
war, and constitutional amendments passed
during that time redefined American citizenship.
April 1865
Richmond, Virginia
1865: The South In Ruin
With the end of
the Civil War, the
task at hand was
Reconstruction,
bringing the South
back into the Union.
Lincoln hoped to
bind the wounds of
the ruined South.
Others wanted to
punish the South.
Lincoln and
Congress agreed on
the creation of the
Freedmen’s
Bureau
just before the
war ended.
This federal agency
was to
• Aid freed slaves
• Attend to the
South’s immediate
needs.
While debate over Reconstruction went on,
Lincoln was assassinated.
Andrew Johnson became President.
Johnson wished to restore political power to
southerners if they swore allegiance to the
United States.
Radical Republican congressmen disagreed,
instead favoring punishment for the South.
Congress voted to impeach the President.
Though Johnson was not removed from office,
he lost control of Reconstruction.
Andrew Johnson
Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution
Amendment
Content
13th Amendment
Ended slavery
14th Amendment
Guaranteed full citizenship status and
rights to every person born in the
United States, including African
Americans
15th Amendment
Guaranteed that no male citizen
could be denied the right to vote on
the basis of “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude”
Radical Republicans gained control of Congress
and designed an ambitious Reconstruction plan.
• They divided the South into five districts
controlled by Union generals.
• They required southern states to grant the vote
to black men and pass the 14th Amendment.
• By 1868 many southern states had black
elected officials.
Formerly
enslaved
people
carved out
new lives.
African American men and
women legalized and
celebrated their marriages
and built strong churches.
Freedmen’s Bureau schools
filled up and many black
adults and children learned
to read.
Grant faces internal
Republican challenge for a 2nd
term from Liberal
Republicans.
He wins a second term despite
scandal and the inter-party fight.
Organized secret societies
like the Ku Klux Klan
appeared in the South,
despite continued military
occupation.
They used terror and
violence to keep African
Americans from voting.
Northerners began to lose the will to remake
the South.
Most troops were withdrawn from the South in
1871. Southern white Democrats regained power
by discrediting African American politicians.
The 1876 election of Rutherford B. Hayes marked
the end of Reconstruction.
Rutherford B. Hayes
Historians debate whether
Reconstruction was a success or a failure.
The physical
and economic
rebuilding of
the South
began at this
time, and the
nation was
permanently
reunited.
Political rights of
African
Americans
disappeared and
de jure
segregation
became the law
in southern
states.
Chapter Summary
Section 1: The Union in Crisis
Conflict over slavery in the western territories brought
differences between North and South to a head. The Fugitive
Slave Act and Uncle Tom’s Cabin increased opposition to
slavery in the North, The Dred Scott decision inflamed the
nation and a new voice—Abraham Lincoln—emerged.
Section 2: Lincoln, Secession, and War
The election of 1860 resulted in Abraham Lincoln defeating
three other candidates to become President. The outcome
angered southern states, who felt they had no voice in
national politics. Southern states seceded from the Union
and a standoff at Fort Sumter began the Civil War.
Chapter Summary
(continued)
Section 3: The Civil War
As North and South engaged in a bloody civil war, both sides
had advantages, but the North’s proved to be more decisive.
President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation,
which resulted in many black Americans fighting for the
North. The Battle of Gettysburg turned the tide for the North,
which won the war in 1865.
Section 4: The Reconstruction Era
When the Civil War ended, Congress and the President
clashed over how to best bring the South back into the Union.
Reconstruction had a profound impact on southern states, but
many of its aims were not achieved by the time it ended in
the 1870s.