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Let’s review for a second… • The war began on April 12, 1861 • Fort Sumter • The South fired first • Virginia secedes • So does Robert E. Lee • Lincoln asks 75,000 men to volunteer for 3 months to bring the Southern states back into the Union In the East… • In July, 1861, the North suffers an embarassing defeat at First Bull Run • McClellan takes command of the Army of the Potomac, and trains his troops • By Spring 1862, Grant wins the first big Northern victories at Shiloh and Nashville • McClellan finally moves to attack in that stupid idea with the boats • Lee invades Maryland to try and impress the British and French • He’s on a roll, and divides his forces • The orders are wrapped in a cigar, dropped, and found by Northern troops • Battle of Antietam • The battle is a draw • McClellan’s too slow and doesn’t chase Lee • Lincoln fires him Chapter 17: The Tide Turns • Frederick Douglass has been asking Lincoln to emancipate the slaves since the war started • The war is dragging on, more people are dying, and Lincoln has a big problem Lincoln’s balancing act • Abolitionists • Britain and France • The Army • The border states (slave states) • The Constitution • The Supreme Court • Lee retreating back into Virginia gives Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation proclamation • It states that slaves in the Confederacy are now free This makes no sense • 1: You can’t free slaves in territory you don’t control • 2: Why doesn’t the Emancipation Proclamation free slaves in the border states? 1: You can’t free slaves in territory you don’t control • Northern troops in Southern states can free the slaves in areas that they control 2: Why doesn’t the Emancipation Proclamation free slaves in the border states? • Lincoln doesn’t have the authority to free the slaves • Congress has to make a law, Lincoln has to approve it, and the Supreme Court must approve it, remember? BUT…. • Since this is war, the President is Commander in Chief • This is a military decision, it weakens the South – No slaves on the farms, no cotton, no food for the Southern troops • The Emancipation Proclamation didn’t actually free many slaves at all. • It was a symbolic gesture Some things did change… • Britian and France applaud the Proclamation, and stop supporting the Confederacy • Black troops can now join the Army In the South… Now not only will the Confederacy have to fight Northern troops, it will have no support from Britian or France, it will have to keep the slaves from escaping or revolting, and face black troops on the battlefield African – American soldiers • Often had the worst jobs, and were paid less • The 54th Massachusetts changed this through their bravery • The assault on Fort Wagner, and William H. Carny’s actions led to over 180,000 black men joining the U.S. Army Section 2: War Affects Society It’s now 1863 • The war’s been going on for two years now • Suffering not only out on the battlefields, but also at home. • In both North and South, food is getting more and more scarce – Most soldiers are farmers – Worse in the South – Trains are being used to move troops, not food to the markets – The Army takes what it wants The Richmond Bread Riots • People in the South are beginning to grow weary of the war • Confederate soldiers are beginning to leave the army in increasing numbers • The Confederate states begin to argue under the strain • States’ rights is holding them down • In the North, Lincoln has to deal with Northern Democrats who want peace with the South • These are called Copperheads • Lincoln has some war protestors arrested and held without trial • This is AGAINST THE CONSTITUTION • Both North and South need more men, and both sides pass conscription laws • All men 18-45 must join the army • You know it as a draft • It didn’t apply to the rich (it never does) • You could hire a substitute to fight for you • “A rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight” • The war also raised prices on everyday stuff (inflation) • Worse in the South • 9,000% rise in prices • First income taxes are established to pay for the war • Taxes on how much you make • New paper currency – greenbacks • Named for the color • We still have them Slaves in the Civil War • Slaves that couldn’t be freed by Union troops could still do damage to their masters • Sabotage • Running away • Revolt • By the end of the war, half a million slaves escape to the North Women in the Civil War • Nurses, spies, scouts Civil War Prison Camps • Food shortages • Diseases • Cramped conditions • They become like walking cemeteries Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville • McClellan is replaced by his friend, Ambrose Burnside • Take a moment to appreciate the sweet sideburns • Lee is waiting across a river for Burnside, who takes too long to build bridges • They must be built under fire The Irish Brigade The Angel of Marye’s Heights • The Union loses around 13,000 men • The Confederates lose about 5,300 • Burnside is fired The Battle of Chancellorsville Send in the Clowns • Joseph Hooker • He’s the 6th commander of the Army of the Potomac, if you’re counting The Rebel Dream Team • Stonewall Jackson’s the man with the plan • He sneaks around to the side of Hooker’s army, and attacks • The Union troops panic and run • It’s a huge Southern victory, but comes at a high price • Stonewall Jackson is wounded by his own troops in an accident • He loses an arm, and develops pneumonia • He dies two days later • Lee says “Jackson has lost his left arm, but I feel like I have lost my right arm” • After Lee buries Jackson, he takes on supplies, and plans an invasion North • He’s going to try to take the pressure off of the South, and put some pressure on the North The Big Picture • People in the North are sick of the war, and sick of the draft • The next year, 1864, is going to be an election year • Who would be stupid enough to run against Lincoln? • Little Mac, naturally • He’s running for President in the Democratic Party • If he wins, he’ll probably try for peace with the South • By late June, Lee invades Southern Pennsylvania • Everyone can smell a battle coming • President Jefferson Davis writes a letter to Lincoln to be put on his desk after a Southern victory in Northern territory • Meanwhile, Lee’s army hears about a shoe factory in a nearby town. • He sends out a few guys to investigate, and maybe pick up some free kicks. • The town is called Gettysburg • The Confederate soldiers run into Northern troops • Both sides call for reinforcements, and things get heavy real fast Day 1 • By the end of the day, the Union just might run again • If Jackson were alive, he would have attacked at Culp’s Hill, and pushed the Northern troops off the high ground • But Jackson’s dead • His replacement, Richard Ewell, doesn’t attack • His generals are disgusted Roll film Day 2 • Longstreet sends John Bell Hood to try to go around the right flank • Two hills – Round Top – Little Round Top • Waiting at the top is the 20th Maine Volunteers Roll film • Led by Colonel Lawrence Chamberlain • His men fight all day – They can’t retreat – They’re running out of ammunition – What can he do? Roll film • Because of what you just saw, Colonel Chamberlain was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor • These are 20 minutes that changes the course of world history Day 3 • Lee tries one more gamble • He’s attacked on both flanks • The enemy must be weak in the center The Plan • A massive artillery barrage will soften up the Union troops at the center • Then George Pickett will attack with 13,000 men • Longstreet thinks it’s a bad plan • The only time he doubts Lee • Lewis Armistead will lead the assault, his best friend is on the other side Roll film • Pickett’s Charge, as it came to be known, suffered 50% casualties • This is the moment that decided the war, the war that changed the nation, the nation that changed the world • Lee finds Pickett and tells him to reform his division • Pickett replies “General Lee, I have no division” • Lee’s hopes for a Northern victory disappear with a third of his army • Total dead and wounded are over 50,000 • The worst of the Southern wounded must be left behind • The next day, July 4th, it rains, which saves Lee’s army from counterattack • In the end, something changed at Gettysburg • Lee’s army loses something it can never get back • The end is already written Gettysburg today Meanwhile, back in the West • While Lee retreats from Pennsylvania, Grant ends the siege of Vicksburg • Now the Mississippi River belongs to the Union, and the Confederacy is cut in half. • Gettysburg and Vicksburg are two Union victories that give Lincoln hope for another presidency • Lincoln doesn’t forget his friends, and promotes Grant to Commander of all Union armies • Unlike the commanders before him, Grant wastes no time • He will go after Lee • His friend William Sherman will invade the Deep South • Thus begins Sherman’s March to the Sea • He tears up 300 miles of Southern warehouses, railroads, cities, towns, anything that helps the South make war • This is called total war • Sherman’s victories nail Lincoln into reelection • The North can smell victory The beginning of the end • Grant pursues Lee in Virginia, and several horrible battles start – Spotsylvania – Cold Harbor – Petersburg • Everyone knows the end is near, even Lee. • He writes to Grant to surrender his army • His men are starving, outnumbered, and sick • They can no longer fight • On April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Grant in Wilbur McClean’s living room. • The Civil War is over, mostly Section 4: The Legacy of the War • It’s on page 504 to 507 • I’m tired!